Jordan to share the toils of conquest (Deut. iii, 19), i, e, probably in some pastures closely adjoining, like the " suburbs" appointed for the cattle of the Levites (Xumb. xxxv, 2, 3; Josh, xxi, 2). Cattle were ordinarily al- lowed as a prey in war to the captor (Deut. xx, 14 ; Josh, viii, 2), and the case of Amalek is exceptional, probably to mark the extreme curse to which that peo- ple was devoted (Exod. xra, 14 ; 1 Sam. xv, 3). The occupation of herdsman was honorable in early times (Gen. xlvii, 6 ; 1 Sam. xi, 5 ; 1 Chron. xxvii, 29 ; xxviii, 1). Saul himself resumed it in the interval of his cares as king ; also Doeg was certainly high in his confidence (1 Sam. xxi, 7). Pharaoh made some of Joseph's breth- ren " rulers over his cattle." David's herd-masters were among his chief officers of state. In Solomon's time the relative importance of the pursuit declined as commerce grew, but it was stiU extensive (Eccles. ii, 7 ; 1 Kings iv, 23). It must have greatly suffered from the inroads of the enemies to which the country under the later kings of Judali and Israel was exposed. Uzziah, however (2 Chron. xxvi, 10), and Hezekiah (xxxii, 28, 29), resum- ing command of the open country', revived it. Josiah also seems to have been rich in herds (xxxv, 7-9). The prophet Amos at first followed this occupation (Amos i, 1 ; vii, 14). A goad was used (Judg. iii, 31 ; 1 Sam. xiii, 21, l^a^^, 15"''?), being, as mostly, a staff armed with a spike. For the word Herd as ap- plied to swine, see Swixe. On the general subject, Ugolini, xxxix, De Re Rust. vett. Ilebr. c. ii, will be found nearly exhaustive. — Smith. See Cattle.
Herder, Joiiaxn Gottfried von, one of the most variously gifted of German writers, was born August 25, 1744, at ilohrungen, in East Prussia, where his father kept a little girls'-school. His early training was strict and religious. A preach- er named Trescho taught him Greek and Latin ; and the pastor's books of theology were devoured by the young student, A complaint in the eyes brought him under the notice of a Russian sur- geon, who offered to instruct him in surgery gra- tis. Herder accepted the offer, but at Konigsberg fainted at the first dissection which he attended, and thereui>on resolved to study theologj'. He gained the acquaintance of persons who appreciated him, and pro- cured him a place as instructor in the Frederick's Col- lege at Konigsberg. Here he became intimate with Kant and Hamann, \vho greatly influenced the develop- ment of his mind. With the most indefatigable indus- try he studied jihilosuphy, natural science, history, and languages, and in 1764 became assistant at the cathe- dral school at Riga, to which office that also of preacher was attached. Here he laid the foundations of his great celebrity as a pulpit orator. Some literary disputes dis- gusted him, and he went to France, and was there cho- sen by the prince of Holstein-Oldenburg as his travel- ling companion. He would have gone from France to Italy had he not been arrested by the complaint in his eyes at Strasboiu-g, where he first became acquainted with Gtithe. In 1776 he was called to Weimar as court preacher, and in that little capital, then celebrated as the Athens of Germany, he spent the remainder of his life, respected as a preacher and as an active promoter of education and other public improvements, and labor- ing un-(v'eariedly in his multifarious literarv' pursuits. He died Dec. 18, 1803. Herder's literary activity w»s enormous. There is hartUy a field of literature -(vliicb he left unexplored. His collected writings amount to sixty volumes {Sdmmtliche Werke, Stuttgardt, 1827-30, 60 vols. 18mo; also 45 vols. 8vo, edited by Heyne and Miiller, Tubingen, 1805-1820). They may be cUvided into four classes— Historj", BeUes-Lettres, Philosophy, and Theology. In philosophy. Herder was rather an obser\-er than a metaphysician. His reputation in that field re.sts chiefly on hisldeen zur Geschichte der Mensch- heif (4th ed. Leips. 1841, 2 vols.), translated into English by ChurchiU, under the title Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man (2d edit. London, 1803, 2 vols. 8vo).
HERDER
HERDMAN