HIEROGLYPHICS
237
HIERONYMITES
figure following them : besides these there is nothing to mark the difference between a letter and a pictorial symbol. In some words tlie meaning is expressed twice ; once by a phonetic combination, and again by a pictorial symbol; in others the more important part is symbolical, and the grammatical termination is sjielled. Sometimes also we find a species of abbreviation; thus the word ox would be expressed by the first letter of the Coptic word signifying ox.
"But for the purpose of writing, strictly so called, there was a less ornamental and more rapid way of forming the characters, which is always found in the MSS., and which would be the natural consequence of using the pen or stylus. This is called by Strabo and Pliny hieratic writing, the hierogh^phics being, as the name imports, peculiar to sculpture. It is chiefly by means of tlie hieroglyphics that we are enabled to read
HIEROGLYPHIC ALPHABET.
M<
S.I Ss
PH V
Uo
Kii
Sn
X
J.^ .-^."^ .^ P^, I .'^'
— .U.^.lv.Vuv^:Mi .^.%
^.^.^ .>^.} .! .
-S^.:©.:^.^^."?". ^.».-f
\
^.l.%.^.4.'^.^.\
■vx— i.|./*.rf^.
--.M.».*.xa.i-lw
•1."^
i>F:^»T;::-^^M.-l
the hieratic writing, the latter being, for the most part, an abbreviated way of writing the former. The Kosctta stone contained the inscription in yet another set of characters, the demotic or enchorial. It is to Dr. Young that we owe the greater part of our knowledge on this subject. He was greatly assisted by the discovery of two or three papyri wTitten in this character with (ireek translations, the earliest of which dates in the reign of Psamnieticus, about B.C. 650. An alphabet has lieea formed from Greek proper names, from which it appears that the few words which we can decipher are Coptic. In this writing the hieroglyphics have almost wholly disappeared, though some still appear scattered here and there." — Ivitto.
A popular account of the mode in which the Rosetta stone was used as a key for deciphering the hieroglyph- ics may be found in Dr. Hawks's Erji/pt and its Monu- ments (N. Y. 1850, 8vo), and a more critical statement in Osburn's Monumental History of Egypt (London, 1854,2 vols. 8vo). A complete set of the cartouches of the kings is given by Poole in his Ilorm Ecjyptiacai (Lond. 1851, 8vo). Great progress has of late been made in the decipherment of these records, another stone having quite recently been discovered with a bilingual inscrip- tion (Lepsius, Das hilingue Decret von Kanopus, texts and interlineal translations, etc., Berl. 1867 sq., 4to), and many papyri having been brought to light and read by European Egyptologists, among whom Wilkinson, Lep- sius, Di'imichen, and Brugsch may be especially named. Tlie annexed view of the hieroglyphical alphabet is taken from Gliddon's Lectures on Egyptian History (N. Y. 1843, imp. 8vo), and wiU be found sufficient for deci- phering most of the royal names. A brief account of the language which these characters represent may be found in Eawlinson's Herodotus, vol. ii. A tolerably com- plete view of the subject and its literature is contained in Appleton's Neiu A mei-ican Cyclopcedia, s. v. The fol- lowing are some of the latest works of importance on the subject: Sharpe, Egyptirm FIirroglyphir.<: (Lond. 1861, 8vo); Parrot, A^ouiWfe Truihnl'iou ds //i<' rn,//,/j,hes (Par. 1857, foL); Tattam, (rroH^;;*//- t>/'//it Ei/t/jilinii Language (London, 1863, 8vo) ; Brugsch, Hieroglyph isches-Demoti- sckes Worterbuch (of an extensive character, with a full hieroglyphical gTammar, Leips. 1867 sq.). See iNSCKir-
TIONS.
Hieromax, a river of Palestine (Pliny, Hist. Nat. V, 16), the Jarmoch of the Talmud; now Nahr Yarmuk (Edrisi and Abulfeda), or Sheriat el-Mandhur (Ritter, XV, 372). The principal sources are near Mezarib, where they form a lake of half an hour in circumference. — Van de Velde, Memoir, p. 321.
Hieromnemon (Gr. lepoi.ivl^twv'). I. The title in ancient history of that one of the two deputies sent by each tribe to the Amphictyonic Council who su])erin- tended the religious rites. II. An officer in the Greek Church, who, during service, stands behind the bishop, and points out to him in order the psalms, prayers, etc. He also dresses the patriarclis, and shows the priests to their places,— Piercr,viii, 368; Brande,ii, 124. (J.W.M.)
Hieron, Sa:\hkl, a clergyman of the Church of England, sfiniewhat inc lined to Puritanism, was bom in 1572, was educated at King's College, Cambridge, and was presented to the living of INIodburj', Devonshire, which he held till his death in 1617. He was verj- elo- quent as well as pious. His sermons, in two volumes, were pubhshed in 1635.— Darling, Cyclop. Biog. i, 1470.
Hieronymites, or Eremites of the Order of Jerome, a monkish order which was first established about 1370 by the Portuguese Vasco and the Spaniard Peter Fred. Pecha, and was accredited by Gregory XI in 1373. Their dress is a white liabit and a black scapidarj-. In Spain and the Netherlands this order became verj- opu- lent, being possessed of many convents; Charles V be- longed to this order after his abdication. They spread also into the AVest Indies- and Spanish America. At present they exist only ui the latter countrj'. Besides
HIERONYMUS
238
HIGH-CHURCHMEN
these, there exists also another order by the same name, ■with, however, but few members, founded by Peter Gam- bacorti, of Pisa, about 1380.— Helyot, Ord. Monast. ed. Migne,iii,568; Bmckh&ns, E>icijklop.\m,^i&. (J.H.W.)
Hieron'ymus QltpbivvfioQ, sacred in ??ame, Vidg. Hieronymus), a Syrian general in the time of Antiochus V. Eupator (2 INIacc. xii, 2). The name was made dis- tinguished among the Asiatic Greeks by Hieronymus of Cardia, the historian of Alexander's successors. — Smith.