The I'vgyptian monuments furnish ns with the follow- ing additional Hittite names: tarakanunasa, kama-
KT, TARKATATASA (au ally?), KHERAPSARA, SCribc of
books of the khbta, pesa, tetara, krabctusa, aak- jiA (an ally?), sa.marus, tatara, matrema, brother of [the king of] the khcta, rabsununa (an ally?), Ti.'ATASA (an ally?).
These names are evidently Shemitic,but not Hebrew, a circumstance that need not surprise us when we know that Aramaic was distinct from Hebrew in Jacob's time. The syllables sera in Knex-SERA, and rab in rab-su- NUNA, seem to correspond to the sar and rab of Assyr- ian and Babylonian names, tetara may be the same name as the Tidal of Scripture. But the most remark- able of all these names is slvtrema, which corresponds
as closely as possible to iMizraim. The third letter is a hard t, and the final syllable is constantly use<l lor the Hebrew dual. In the Eg^'iitian name of ?i[(s(>p(itaniia, NEiiARKNA, we find the Clialdec and Arabic (hial. It would therefore appear that the language of the kucta was nearer to the Hebrew than to the Chaldee. tar- katatasa probably commences with the name of the goddess Derceto or Atargatis.
The principal source of information on the Egyptian bearings of this subject is Brugsch's Geor/rtqMxche In- schfi/ten, ii, 20 sq. The documents to which he mainly refers are the inscriptions of Rameses II, the poem of PENTAUR, and the treaty. The first are given by Lep- sius (Denkmiiler, A bth. iii, bl. 153-lGl, lG4-lGf), 187, 19G ; see also 130, 209), and translated by M. Cliabas (Rev. Arch., 1850) ; see also BruQsch, Jlistoirc d'Fj/iiptc, i, l."7 sq. : the second is translated by JI. dc i;<jug(> {Ha-ne Contenqmraine, No. 106, p. 389 sq.). Dr. P.riigscli (//. re.'), Mr. Goodwin, Cambridrje Essays, 1858, and in Biuiscn's ICgypfs Place, iv, G75 sq. ; and the third is translated by Dr. Brugsch (//. cc.) and Mr. Goodwin {PartlKiwii, 18G2).— Kitto, s. V.
2. In the Assyrian inscriptions, as lately dcciiiherod, there are frequent references to a nation of Khatii, who " formed a great confederacy ruled by a number of petty chiefs," whose territory also lay in the valley of the Orontes, and who were sometimes assisted by the people of the sea-coast, probably the Phoenicians (Rawlinson's Herodotus, i, 4G3). " Twelve kings of the southern Khatti are mentioned in several places." If the identi- fication of these people with the Hittites should prove to be correct, it agrees with the name Chat, as noticed under Hetii, and affords a clew to the meaning of some passages which are othervvise puzzling. These arc (o) Josli. i, 4, where the expression " all the land of the Hit- tites" appears to mean all tlic land of Canaan, or at least the northern part thereof. (6) Judg. i, 2G. Here near- ly the same expression recurs. See Luz. (c) 1 Kings X, 29; 2 Chron. i, 17, "All the kings of the Hittites and kings of Aram" (probably identical with the "kings on this side Euphrates," 1 Kings iv, 24) are mentioned as purchasing chariots and horses from Egypt, for the pos- session of which they were so notorious, that (c/) it would seem to have become at a later date almost pro- verbial in allusion to an alarm of an attack by chariots (2 Kings vii, 6) Smith, s. v.
Hi'vite (Heb. Chini', 1"^, usu. with tlie art., often collectively for the plur., " the Hivite," i. e. Hivitcs ; Sept. o Ei'irtioc),a designation of one of the nations inliabiting Palestine before the Israelites. See Canaan. The name is, in the original, uniformly found in the singular num- ber. It never has, like that of the Hittites, a plural, nor does it appear in any other form. Perhaps we may as- sume from this that it originated in some peculiarity of locality or circumstance, as in the case of the Amorites — " mountaineers," and not in a progenitor, as did that of the Ammonites, who are also styled Bene-Ammon — children of Ammon, or the Hittites, Benc-Cheth— chil- dren of Heth. The name is explained by Ewald (Gesch. i,318) as Biimerddiider, that is, "Midlanders;" by (Jese- nius {Thes. p. 451) as paf/utii, " villagers." In the follow- ing passages the name is given in tlie A. V. in the singu- lar, " the Hivite :" Gen. x, 17 ; Exod. xxiii, 28; xxxiii, 2 ; xxxiv, 1 1 ; Josh, ix, 1 : xi, 3 ; 1 Chron. i, 15 ; also Gen. xxxiv, 2 ; xxxvi, 2. In all the rest it is rendered by the plural.
1. In the genealogical tables of Genesis " the Hivite" is named as one of the descendants — the sixth in order— of Canaan, the son of Ham (Gen. x, 17 ; 1 Chron. i, 15). In the first enumeration of the nations wlio. at the time of the call of Abraham, occupied the Promised Land (Gen. XV, 19-21), the Hi\-ites are omitted from the Hebrew text (though in the Samaritan and Sept. their name is inserted). This has led to the conjecture, amongst oth- ers, that they arc identical with the Kadmonites, whose name is found there and there only (Reiand, Pcdcest. p.
HIVITE
282
HIVITE
140 ; Bochart, Phol. iv, 36 ; Can. i, 19). But are not the Kadmonites rather, as their name implies, the represen- tatives of the Bene-kedem, or " children of the East ?" Moreover, in this passage, the position of the Hivites, if represented b}^ the Kadmonites, would be at the head of the nations usually assigned to the Land of Promise, and this is most unlikely, unless the order be geographical. A more ingenious conjecture is that which suggests the identity of the Hivites and the Avites, or Avim, on the grounds («) that at a later time the Galileans confound- ed the gutturals; (b) that the Sept. and Jerome do not distinguish the two names ; (c) that the town of ha-Av- vim (A.V. " Avvim") was in the same district as the Hi- vites of Gibeon; (d) and that, according to the notice in Deut. ii, the Avim disappear before the Hivites ap- pear; (e) to which we may add that, if Gesenius's ety- mology be sound, it is remarkable that the Avim are de- scribed as dwelling " in villages." See A VI. ■vr. On the other hand, («) it is unlikely that a dialectic difference would be recorded, and it seems too slight to be anything else; (6) the Sept. and Jerome are not very careful as to exact transcriptions of proper names ; (c) the presence of Avim in a district does not prove them to be the same as other inhabitants of that district; (f/) and the narra- tive in Deut. ii speaks only of the overthrow, before the coming of the Israelites, by later settlers, of certain tribes or peoples, not mentioned in the list of Gen. x, which were, as far as stated, Rephaim, or of Rephaite stock. The probability that the Avim were of this stock is strengthened by the circumstance that there was a rem- nant of the Rephaim among the Philistines in David's time, as there was among other nations when the Israel- ites conquered the country. Therefore it seems to us verj' unlikely that the Avim were the same as the Hi- vites, although they may have been related to each oth- er. The nama constantly occurs in the formula by which the country is designated in the earlier books (Exoil. iii, 8,17; xiii,5; xxiii, 23, "28 ; xxxiii,2; xxxiv, 11; Deut. vii, 1; XX, 17; Josh, iii, 10; ix, 1 ; xii, 8; xxiv, 11), and also in the later ones (1 I^ngs ix, 20 ; 2 Chron. viii, 7 ; but comp. Ezra ix, 1, and Neh. ix, 8). It is, however, ab- sent in the report of the spies (Numb, xiii, 29), a docu- ment which fixes the localities occupied by the Canaan- itish nations at that time. Perhaps this is owing to the insignificance of the Hivites at that time, or perhaps to the fact that the spies were indifferent to the special lo- cality of their settlemnnts.