iii, 4), especially when the theatre of war was removed ito foreign countries, may naturally have induced Sol- omon (contrary to tlie command, Deut. xvii, IG; comp. senius. Comment, zu Jesa. i, 186 sq.) to add cavalrj' to lis army (1 Kings iv, 26 ; x, 26), which he distributed aong the cities (1 Kings ix, 19 ; x, 26) ; also under the iter kings we find this description of troops mentioned [1 icings xvi, 9 ; 2 Kings xiii, 7), although they were t eager to avail themselves of the assistance of the EgjTJ- tian cavalry (Isa. xxxi, 1 ; xxxvi, 9 ; 2 Kings xviii, 24). The iMosaic laws obliged everj^ male Israelite from 20 l, years of age (Numb. i,3 ; xxvi, 2; 2 Chron. xxv, 5) to 60 (Joseph. Ant. iii, 12, 4 ; comp. Macrob. Sat. i, 6 ; Scn- teca, Vit. brev. 20) to bear arms (see in Mishna, Sota, viii, ?7), yet there were many causes of exemption (Deut. xx, compare 1 Mace, iii, 55). AVhenever an occasion of lostilities occiu-red, the young men assembled, and the "ijuisite enumeration of the soldiers (by means of a 1£D, soplier, "scribe" or registrar, Jer. Iii, 25; Isa. xxxiii, 18) was made according to the several tribes (Numb, xxxi, 2 sq. ; Josh, vii, 3 ; Judg. xx, 10). On Budden incursions of enemies, the able-bodied Israelites were summoned by special messengers (Judg. vi, 35) , or by the sound of trumpets, or by beacons (D_!3, ncs) placed
upon the hill-tops (Jndg. iii, 27 ; vi, 34 ; vii, 24 ; Jer, iv, 5 sq. ; vi, 1 ; Ezek. vii, 14 ; comp. Isa, xiii, 2 ; xlix, 22 ; 2 Kings iii, 21 ; Jer. i, 2 ; 1 Mace, vii, 45 ; Diod. Sic. xix, 97). The entire army, thus raised by levy, was divided, according to the various kinds of weapons (2 Chron. xiv, 8), into troops (officers and soldiers together being called a^'73"J D'^"ib, captains and servants') of 1000, 100, and 50 men (Numb, xxxi, 14, 48 ; Judg. xx, 10 ; 1 Sam. viii, 12 ; 2 Kings i, 9 ; xi, 15), each having its own leader (CSbsn ^b, caj^tain of the thousands; "lb nis^ll, captain of the hundreds; d"'t'rri ^b, captain off fly ; 2 Kings i, 9 ; xi, 4 ; 2 Chron. xxv, 5 ; for later times, comp. 1 Mace, iii, 55) : larger divisions are also re- ferred to (1 Cliron. xxvii, 1 sq.; 2 Chron. xvii, 14 sq.). The commander-in-chief of the entire army (called "lb ^^^nn, captain of the host, or N2^n "^'C, captain of the army, or X^Sn hv "lb, captain over the army, 2 Sam, ii, 8; xxiv, 2; 1 Kings i, 19) formed a council of war (general's staff) with the commanders of the chiliads and centuries (1 Chron. xiii, 1 sq.), and in time of peace had the direction of the military enrolment (2 Sam. xxiv, 2 sq.). But the king generally led the army in person in battle. The national militia of the Hebrews wore no uniform, and at first each soldier was at his own expense, although commissaries of provisions are occa- sionally mentioned (Judg. xx, 10), On militan,^ weap- ons, see Armor. The strength of the Israclitish armies is sometimes stated in very high figures (1 Sam. xi, 8 ; XV, 4 ; 1 Chron. xxvii, 1 sq.), which is not so surprising, as they were gathered m mass by messengers (at a later day, Josephus- got together in Galilee alone 100,000 men of the Jewish soldiery, IFar, ii, 20,6) ; but the numbers are probably often corrupt (2 Sam. xxiv, 9 sq. ; 1 Chron. xxi, 5 sq.; 2 Chron. xiii, 3; xiv, 8; xvii, 14; xxvi, 12 sq.) or (in the Chronicles, see Gramberg, p. 117) exag- gerated. See Number.
The organization of a standing army was begun by Saul (1 Sam. xiii, 2 sq. ; xxiv. 3) in the establishment (by voluntary enlistment) of a picked corps of 3000 strong from the whole mass of the people subject to military duty (1 Sam. xiv, 52). David followed his example, but, besides the body-guard (see Cherethite and Pelethite), he likewise instituted a national army, to serve in turn in monthly divisions (1 Chron. xxvii, 1 sq.). Solomon did the same (1 Kings iv, 26) ; and even princes of the roj'al stock, before thej' came to the throne, invested themselves with a life-guard of troops (2 Sam. XV, 1 ; 1 Kings i, 5). Likewise under Jehoshaphat (2 Chron. xvii, 14 sq.), Athaliah (2 Kings xi, 4), Amaziah (2 Chron. xxv, 5), and Uzziah (2 Chron. xxvi, 11). as also imder Ahaziah of Israel (2 Kings i, 9 sq.), standing troops are mentioned in time of peace, but they were probably not in constant service. Their pay probably consisted in agricultural produce. Foreigners were not excluded from the honors of war (as may be seen in the case of Uriah the Hittite, and other warriors of David, q. V.) ; and Amaziah, king of Judah (although with the disapprobation of the prophet), even hired a whole troop of Ephraimitish soldiers (2 Chron. xxv, 6 sq.). (See generally J. F. Zacharife, he re militari vet. IJehr. Kil. 1735, a work of no great merit.) In post-exilian times a fresh organization of Jewish military force was insti- tuted under the JMaccabees. Judas early established Ids military companies (1 ]\Iacc. iii, 55) in divisions of 1000 100, 50, and 10 ; and Simon, as prince, first paid a stand- ing army out of his own resources (1 3Iacc. xiv, 32). His successors commanded a still larger niunber of troops, and John Hyrcanus was the first who enlisted also foreigners (Joseph. Ant. xiii, 8, 4), proliably Araln- ans, who sers-ed in mercenary armies (1 IMacc. v, 89). On the other hand, the Jews likewise engaged in for- eign warfare, for instance, as auxiliaries of the Eg^p- tians (1 Mace, x, 36 ; Joseph. Ant. xiii, 10, 4), and indi- viduals even attained the rank of commanders (Joseph. Ant. xiii, 10, 4; 13, 1 ; Apion, ii,5), although they gen- erally abstained from sers-ing in foreign armies, on ao-