of the eastern Hottentots, or Gonaquas ; 4. the dead dia- lects of the colonial Hottentots. The substantives have three genders, masculine, feminine, and common ; and three numbers, singidar, dual, and plural. There are no cases ; the adjective and verb are not inflected. The prepositions are usually placed after tlie words which they govern. The language of the Bushmen differs from that of the other Hottentots. By the Dutch con- querors of the country of the Hottentots the poor inhab- itants were considered unworthy of Christianity, and even many members of the colonial churches discoun- tenanced and prevented all missionary enterprises. The first missionary among the Hottentots began his opera- tions in 1709, but he ceased them after a few weeks. In 1737, the Moravian missionary, G. Schmidt, gained an attentive hearmg; but when, after a few years, the fruit of his labors appeared, he was compelled by the colonial government to leave. During the next fifty years no missionary was allowed to visit the Hottentots. In 1792 the Moravians succeeded in re-establishing their mission, but not until the country passed into the hands of the English did the missionaries find the necessary protection, under which their station at Baviaanskloof (at present called Genadendal) became very flourishing. The work grew steadily, and (since 1818) has extended from the Hottentots to the Kaffres. The IMoravians, even as early as 1798, were joined by the London Missionary Society. The missionary Von der Kemp established in the eastern part of the colony a mission among the Hot- tentots, and the latter labored among the Bushmen. In Little Naraaqualand the mission was likewise begun by the London Society, and continued by the Rhenish i\Iissionary Society, which, after the emancipation of tlie Hottentots, established a number of stations in the eastern districts. Several thousands of Griquas settled on the Cat River, where the station Philipton, with sev.- eral out-stations, arose. Among the Koras missions have been established (since 1834) by the Berlin Mis- sionary Society. More recently, a number of other mis- sionary societies, of almost all the churches represent- ed in Cape Colony, have taken part in the missions among the Hottentots. Beyond the limits of Cape Colony, the London IMission Society was the first to es- tablish (1805) missions in Groat Naraaqualand. Subse- quently the field was occupied by the Wesleyan IMetho- (lists and the Rhenish Missionary Society. Several sta- tions established by the former in the northern parts of the country were again abandoned (Concordiaville and Wesleyvale, 1845-53), but in 18G9 they still had three districts in the south— Nisbethbath, Hoole's Fountain, and Jerusalem — all of which were occupied by native helpers, and occasionally visited by a Wesleyan mission- ary from Little Naraaqualand. More extensive is the work of the Rhenish Society, which in 1842 established its first out-station atBcthania, and gradually advanced northwards as far as the Zwachaub. Their labors, espe- cially at Bethania, have been ven,' successful, and Great Naraaqualand may now be regarded as a Christianized country. See Tindall (Wesleyan missionarj'), Two Lec- tures on Great Numaqualand and its Inhabitants ; Moo- die, The Becord, or a Series of official Papeis relative to the Condition ami Treatment of the native Tribes in South Africa (Capetown, 1838 sq., 5 vols.). A Grammar of the Hottentot language has been prepared by Tyndall (Capetown, 1857), and a As-ork on etymology by WaU- mann (Berlin, 1857). On the history of the missions among tlie Hottentots, see Grundemann, Missionsatlas (Gotha, 1867). (A. J. S.)
Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, 1, a celebrated Swiss theoli)^-iaii and scholar, born at Ziirich March 10, 1620. He studied theology and the Oriental languages at Ziirich, Geneva, Groningcn, and Leyden. In 1642 he be- came professor of Church History at Ziirich, and in 1643 added to it a professorship at the Carolinum. In 1655 he became professor of Oriental languages at Heidel- berg, but in 1661 he returned to Ziirich. In 1666, af- ter the decease of Hoornbeck (q. v.), the University of
Leyden urged Hottinger to come as his successor. He finally consented, by advice of the Swiss government, to serve that university a few years. While making his arrangements preparatory to his journey, he was drowned in the Limmat, June 5, 1667. Hottinger oc- cupies a distinguished place among the philologists of the 17th century, who labored to promote the knowl- edge of the Shemitic languages. He was one of the first to bring to public notice a number of SjTiac and Arabic works by giving extracts from them and biogra- phies of their authors. He also gave a powerfid impulse to tlie study of Oriental languages by establishing at his own expense an Arabic printing-office at Heidel- berg while professor in that city. The great aim of his writings was to establish the interpretation of Scripture on a more thoroughly historical and grammatical foun- dation; yet he rather furnished the means for such a system than established it himself. His works consist chiefly of compilations, and were valuable from the fact that they were from sources previously not generally known. He seldom gives an exegesis, but when he does it is based on grammatical and historical consider- ations rather than on dogmatical. His principal works are, Exercitationes AntimoriniaTue de Pentateucho Sama- rif. (1644) : — Erotemata lingual sanctce (1647; 2d edition, 1667) : — Grammatica Chaldmo-Sf/riaca (1658): — Hist, orient alis de Muhammedismo, Saracenismo, Chaldaismo (Zur. 1650) ■.—Ilistoria ecclesiast. Novi Test. (1651-67, 9 vols.), of which Schaff {Ch. Hist, i, 21) says that it is a coimterpart of the Magdebiu-g Centuries. " It is less original and vigorous, but more sober and moderate:" — Jus Hebra;o7iim (1655) : — Smegma orientale opposituni sordihus barbarismi (1657) : — Bibliotheca oricntalis (Hei- delb. 1658) -.—Thesaurus philol. (Zur. 1649) :—WegiL-ei^ ser, dadurch man rei'sichert icerden mag, wo heiit su Tage der ioahre katkoliscke Glaube zufinden sei (1647-49, 3 vols.) : — Cursus theologicus (1660). — Pierer, ijnirersal Lexikon, s. v. ; Kitto, Bibl. Cyclop, ii, 331 ; Hoefer, Nouv, Biogr. Generule, xxv, 236 sq. ; Herzog, Real-EncyUop, vi, 287 sq. ; Hirzel, J. H. Hottinger der Orientalist d. 17 Jahrhunderts ; Bayle, Hist. Diet, ii, 525 sq.; Bibliotheca Sacra, vii, 63.