Hum'tah (Heb. Chumtah', Ti'^iZX^, prob. from the iiyr. fortress, otherwise 7)?«rp of lizards; Sept. 'A^iitciTu V. r. Bvfia and Xai^ipara ; A'ulg. A thmatha), a town in the mountains of Judah, mentioned between Aphckah and Hebron (Josh, xv, 54), apparently in the district lying immediately west of Hebron (Keil, Comment, ad loc). It is not mentioned by any other ancient writer (Keland, Palcest. p. 723) except Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v, 'Afjarti, Ammatha). There is some re- semblance between the name and that oi Kimath (Ki- /t«9), one of the places added in the Yat. text of the Sept. to the list in the Heb. text of 1 Sam. xxx, 27-31. It possibly corresponds with the rumed site marked as Sabzin (or Eamet el-A Imeh) on Yan de Yelde's AFap at If miles north of Hebron, just west of the Jerusalem road.
Hundred (as a division of the Heb. people). See Host.
Huneric. Sec Yandai.s.
Hungarian Confession {Confe.isio Hungarica), the Confession of Faith of the Reformed Church in Hungar}'. It was drawn up in 1557 and 1558 by the Synod of Czenger (hence also called Confessio Czengeri- (inu), and published in 1570 in Debreczin. It is strong- ly Calvinistic, especially in the doctrine of the Lords Supper, and it was on that account not adopted by the Keformed churches of Poland. (A. J. S.)
Hungary, a kingdom in Eastern Europe, which has 1 for several centuries been united with the empire of Austria. It has 82,839 square miles, and its population was, according to the census of 1857, 9,900,785. Con- nected with it, as dependencies of the crown of Hmigary,
HUNGARY
405
HUNGARY
are Transylvania (q. v.), Croatia, and Slavonia. This whole division, which is sometimes called tlie Trans- Leithanian division of the empire, sometimes simply Hungary, has 124,000 square miles, and, according to the official census of 1857, 13,768,813 inhabitants. Ac- cording to the official census of Dec. 31, 1809, the total popidation of the countries subject to the Hungarian crown amounted to 15,4"2!),'238, of which Hungary proper had about 11,109,000; Transylvania, 2,109,000 ;"^ Croatia and Slavonia, 1,015,000; the Military Frontier, 1,195,000.
I. Historij. — The Hungarians, a Scythian tribe, were, as it seems, akin to and allies of the Chazari, who in the first century of the Christian «ra had left their original seats, the plateaus of Central Asia, and had founded in the course of time a powerful empire on the Tauric pen- insula. At the close of the 9th century the Hungarians (Magyars) were living on the north-eastern frontier of this emi)ire, which they defended under their own chiefs against the powerful neighboring nations. After the destruction of this empire, the Magyars, who were lui- able to resist singlj' the onset of other tribes, crossed the Dnieper, and settled (884) near the mouth of the Dan- ube, between the Rivers Bugh and Szereth. The impe- rial throne of Constantinople was at that time occupied by Leo the Wise, who cjilled the bravery of his new neighbors to his aid against Simeon, the chief of the Bulgarians. The call was cheerfully accepted by Ar- pad, the son of the Magyar duke Almos. Simeon was conquered, and liis country laid waste. The renown of the JIagyars soon induced king Arnidf, of Germany, to ask them for aid against Szvatoplugk, the grand prince of iMoravia. Again thej' accepted the invitation, en- tered Upper Pannonia, which then belonged to the ]Mo- ravian empire, and obtained a complete victory ; after tliat they returned to their homes. These, however, had in the meanwhile been invaded and terribly devas- tated by the Bulgarians, and the JMagyars therefore con- cluded to settle permanently in Pannonia, from which they had just returned as victors. The occupation of the country began in 894; it was completed in 900. The country, distributed among seven tribes and 108 families, was converted into a military state. Their bravery and their renown caused many people of the districts which they had traversed, and many soldiers of foreign countries, to join them. Thus strengthened, they were able to undertake expeditions as far as the North Sea, the Soutli of France into Italy, and to the Black Sea. But repeated defeats by the kings and em- perors of Germany put a stop to their conquests and gave a different direction to tlieir energies. The fron- tiers of their new country were more definitely marked and fortilied, and many more foreign colonists drawn into the country.
The large number of Christian slaves, the connec- tion with the emperors of Constantinople, but in par- ticular the efforts of duke Geysa (972-997), and of his Christian wife Sarolta (Caroline), gradually prepared the introduction of Christianity. Geysa made peace with all his neighbors, and at the diet which he assem- bled recommended a hospitable reception of foreign vis- itors and the introduction of Christianity. Geysa him- self was baptized by bishop Pilgrin of Passau, who, even during the reign of Tacsony, the father of Geysa, had begun to show a warm interest in the conversion of Hungary. Besides him, the emperor Otto I and bishop Adalbert of Prague showed a great zeal for the Chris- tianization of the Magyars. Thus the Koman Catholic Church obtained the ascendency over the few missions which under former chiefs had been established by mis- sionaries of the Greek Church. Adalbert, in 994, bap- tized, at Gran.Yoik, the son of Geysa, who received the name of Stephen. Immediately after his accession to the throne, Stephen made it the first object of his nde to secure the complete victory of Christianity ; nor did he hesitate for this end to employ force. He issued at once an order that all ^lagyars must receive baptism, and that all Christian slaves must be set free. This