INN
588
INNER MISSIONS
cus the khans are, many of them, substantial buildings; the small rooms which surround the court, as well as those above them which are entered from a gallery, are used by the merchants of the city for depositing their goods (Porter's Z>«7»«««/.v, i, 33). The icehdlehs of mod- ern Egvpt are of a similar description (Lane, Mod. Eg. ii, 10). " In some parts of modern Syria a nearer ap- proach has been made to the Eiu-opean system. The people of es-Salt, accorduig to Biu'ckhardt, support four taverns {Menzel or Medhafe) at the public expense. At these the traveller is furnished with everythmg he may require, so long as he chooses to remain, provided his stay is not mnreasonably protracted. The expenses are paid by a tax on the heads of families, and a kind of landlord superintends the establishment (Trav. in Syria, p. 30). Usually, however, in Syrian towns, where there is no regular khan, the menzoul or public house is part of the sheik's establishment, with a keeper who makes a moderate charge for catering to his guests in addition to the cost of provisions. See Caravanserai.
Plan of the Khan at Ad;ili;i, iu Asia Minor.
"The house of paths" (Prov. viii, 2, ii' o'iicijj hccwv^ Ven. Vers.), where Wisdom took her stand, is miderstood by some to refer appropriately to a khan built where many ways met and frequented by many travellers. A similar meaning has been attached to tn^aS r^ns, (/e- ruth KimJiam, " the hostel of Chimham" (Jer. xli, 17) be- side ISethlehem, built by the liberality of the son of IJarzillai for the benefit of those who were going down to Egypt (Stanley, *Sw. ami Palest, p. 163; App. § 90). The Targum says, "which David gave to Chimham, son of BarziUai the Gileadite" (comp. 2 Sam. xix, 37, 38). With regard to this passage, the ancient versions are strangely at variance. The Sept. had evidently anoth- er reading with 3 and 5 transposed, which they left m\- translated ya(ir]paxaf.H'm, Alexand. y))fli)pwBxaiiaaii. The Vulgate, if intended to be literal, must have read ':CZ2 D"in5, perefjriiiantcs in Chanaam. The Arabic, following the Alexandrian I\IS., read it iv yy Bi]pwd- Xaiiciafi, "in the land of Bcrothchamaam." The S^t- iac has h'edre, "in the threshing-floors," as if nis'iriS, befiornoih. Josephus had a reading different from all, nii"IJ3, befjidroth, " in the folds of" Chimham ; for he says the fugitives went " to a certain place called Man- dra" {^\avc,()a Xtyoiitvov, Ant. x, 9, 5), and in this he was followed by Aquila and the llcxaplar Syriae.
The TTai'CoKHov (Luke x, 34) probably differed from the K«rrtXi)/(o (Luke ii, 7) in having a " host" or " inn- keeper" {TravdoKivr, Luke x. 3.3). who supplie<l some few of the necessarj' provisions, and attended to the wants of travellers loft to his charge. The word has been adopted in the later Hebrew, and appears in the INIishna (Yebamoth, xvi, 7) under the form pfi'lS, pundal; and the host is "ipl^.S, punduki. The Jews were forbidden to put up their beasts at establishments of this kind kept by idolaters (Aboda Zara, ii, 1). It appears that houses of entertainment were sometimes, as in Egypt (Herod, ii, 35), kept by women, whose character was such that their evidence was regarded with suspicion.
In the Mishna {Yebamoth, xvi, 7) a tale is told of a com- pany of Levites who were travelling to Zoar, the city of Pahns, when one of them fell ill on the road and was left by his comrades at an inn, mider the charge of the hostess {T\'^'p'l':^ti,pundeUth = ^^avSoKlVTp^a). On their return to inquire for their friend, the hostess told them he was dead and buried, but they refused to believe her till she produced his staff, wallet, and roll of the law. In Josh, ii, 1, HSTt, zondh, the term applied to Rahab, is rendered in the Targum of Jonathan SP'^pli'^S, 7)«n- delcithu, "a woman who keeps an inn." So in Judg. xi, 1, of the mother of Jephthah ; of Delilah (Judg. xvi, 1) and the two women who appealed to Solomon (1 Kings iii, 16). The words, in the opinion of Kimchi on Josh, ii, 1, appear to have been synonymous. — Smith, s. v. See Khan.
Inner (i. e. Dojiestic, or "Home"') Missions is the name given, in the Protestant churches of Germany, to any association of evangelical Christians for the ].ur- pose of relieving the spiritual and temporal wants of the community by disseminating the Gospel truth, and af- fording help in temporal concerns.
I. Orifjin and Orrjanization. — Christianity commands that faith should manifest itself in deeds of love ; hence, as early as the apostolical times, we see deacons and deaconesses appointed to attend to the poor and the sick, distribute alms, etc. This was continued in later days by Origen, St. Anthony, etc. When, in the 4th century, Christianity became the religion of the state, the clergy assumed this office, which, from the abun- dance of means in the Church, had become a very im- portant one. In subsequent times we find Francis of Assiai, Elizabeth of Thuringia, Francis of Sales, and a number of religious orders, hospitallers, sisters of chari- ty, etc., devoting thtmselvcs to the care of the poor, the aged, and the sick. Hospitals, houses of refuge, or- phan asylums, etc., were established for these purposes. The Protestant Church, in consequence of its subjection to the state, could exert itself but little in that direc- tion, being oftentimes even prevented by law from the care of the poor. Still efforts were made by private individuals, such as August Hermann Franckc, whose orphan asylum at Halle became a model which was im- itated in other places; Biblical, missionary', and tract societies were established in Germanj', and a number of houses of refuge and infant sclrools established. In modern times a fresh impulse was given to this evan- gelical movement by England. The attempts of How- ard, Wilbcrforce, and Buxton were continued on an en- larged scale by lord Ashley, the duke of Argyle, Eliz- abeth Fri', etc. City missions, JIagdalen and night asylums. Sabbath and ragged schools, were established. Chalmers, first in the Presbyterian and then in the Free Church of Scotland, restored the diacony and care of the poor on an ecclesiastical basis. Similar efforts Avere made in France, among the Komanists, by the Sisters of St. Mary and St. Joseph, and St. Regis.