Innocent (prop. ip3, d^ilJoc). The Hebrews con- sidered innocence as consisting chiefly in an exemption from external faults committed contrary to the law ; hence they often join innocent with hands (Gen. xxxvii, 22 ; Psa. xxiv, 4). '• I will wash my hands in innocency" (Psa. xxvi, 6) ; " Then have I cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency" (Psa. Ixxiii, 13). Josephus admits of no other sins than those actions which are put in execution (Ant. xii, 7, 1). Sins in thought, in his account, are not punished by God. This is a very different standard of morality from that of the Gospel (j\Iatt. v, 28 ; John iii, 15), or even of the O. T. (Psa. li, G). To be innocent is used sometimes for be- ing exempt from punishment. " I will not treat you as one innocent" (Jer. xlvi, 28 ) ; literally, I will not make thee innocent ; I will chastise thee, but liJce a kind fa- ther. Jeremiah (xlix, 12), speaking to the Edomites, says, " They who have not (so much) deserved to drink of the cup of my wrath, have tasted of it." Nahum (i, 3) declares that " God is ready to exercise vengeance ; he will make no one innocent ; he wiU spare no one ;" (Exod. xxxiv, 7, Heb.), "Thou shalt make no one in- nocent ;" no sin shall remain unpunished. " With the pure thou wilt show thyself pure" (Psa. xviii, 2(5) ; thou treatest the just as just, the good as good; thou never dost confound the guilty with the innocent. — Calmet.
Innocent I, St., a native of Albano, near Rome, became pope April 27, 402, as successor of Anastasius I, St. Chrj-sostom had just been driven from Constantino- ple and exiled to Bithynia in consequence of his zeal against the Arians, and of his attacks against the em- press Eudoxia. Innocent I at once actively took his part, and sought to have the affair referred to a council of the joint bishops of the Eastern and Western church- es. Failing in this, he next attempted an arrangement with the emperor, but his envoys were ill treated, and accomplished nothing. St. Chrysostom died in the mean time, but Innocent resolved to cease all intercourse with Constantinople until justice was done to his mem- ory. The Western Church was itself in a state of great disturbance; in Africa the Donatists (q. v.) were giving much trouble, and Innocent finally caused them to be condemned by the Council of Carthage (405) ; in Rome Yigilantius opposed the abuses introduced into the Church, such as the celibacy of the priests, the worship of images, and monastic life. At the same time Alaric was marching with the Goths against Rome : the Chris- tians fled to their churches, and Innocent permitted the heathen to offer up sacrifices to their gods ; but prayers and sacrifices proved in vain, and the pope was obliged to pay to Alaric the ransom of the city, which was nev- ertheless taken by the barbarians Aug. 24, 410, and sacked. It was retaken, but plundered the following year by Astolf, Alaric's brother-in-law. After the Goths had left the neighborhood of Rome, Innocent I, who had sought refuge with the emperor at Ravenna, return- ed to the city, and by his efforts to restore its prosperity gained a great many heathens to the Chiu-ch. He commanded that Sundays should be considered fast- days as well as Fridays, enjoined celibacy on the priests, and took repressive measures against the IMacedonians. His course against the Pelagians seems to have been va- riable. Schaff says that he commended the Africans, who had condemned Pclagianism in two synods (Car- thage and IMileve, now Jlelas), for having addressed themselves to the Church of St. Peter to obtain an ap- proval for their acts, hut that he refrained from giving judgment. He died ^March 12. 417, was canonized, and ranks among the highest saints of the Roman Catholic Church. He is commemorated on July 28. His decre-
INNOCENT II
590
INNOCENT in
tals are to be found in the collection of Dionysius Ex- iguus, and the most complete collection of his letters in Schonemann's Pontificum Rom. epistoloe fjenuince. Labbe, Condi, ii, 1245-1308, gives thirty of his letters. Gen- nadio, in Be Scriptorihus Er<-I< shi.<llrU. lIu iii, ascribes to him the Decretum occidtntnliiiin -/ ,irl, iit, ilium ecclesiis adversus Pektgianos datum, published chiring the reign of his successor, Zozimus I. See Bruys, Hist, des Papes (1735, 5 vols. 4to), i, 160; Labbe and Cossart, Sacro- sancta Concilia (1671, 15 vols, fol.), ii, 1241-1553; Ba- ronius, Annates, vi, 401-632; Fleurj-, IJisf. Ecclesias- iique, v, ch. xxi ; Vossius, Ilistor. Pelag. ; H. de Noris (Norisius), Ilistoire du Pehi;ihnilvii<' : AUetz, Hist, des Papes,i,9o; Anastasius, TiV" Hchhiii. / 'im/ijicum, i,275; Ciaconius, Vitce et res gestc l\<iilijifiiin Romanorum, i, 63 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vi, 602 ; jNIosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, v, pt. ii, ch. ii; Hoefer, Nouv. Bior/. Generale, xxv, 886; Neander, History of the Christian Religion and Church, ii, 170, 299, 585, 5^17 ; Schaff, Church History, iii, 797 sq.
Innocent II, Pope (Gregorio Papareschi), was born at Rome as one of the family of the Guidoni. He became successively abbot of the Benedictine convent of St. Nicholas at Eome, cardinal-deacon in 1118, and was finally elected pope by one party of the cardinals in 1130, as successor of Honorius II. The other party elected Peter Leonis, under the name of Anacletus II. Innocent fled to France, where Bernard de Clairvaux caused him to be acknowledged as pope by Loins VI and by the Council of Etampes; he was soon after rec- ognised also by Henry II of England, by Lotharius, king of Germany, and even by the Synod of Pisa in 1134. In 1136 he returned to Rome with the emperor, and, af- ter the death of Anacletus in 1138, was universally ac- knowledged as pope. He drove Arnold of Brescia out of Italy, and put king Roger inider the ban, but, having taken the field against the latter, he was made prisoner at Galleccio in 1139. He was afterwards released by abandoning Sicily, Apulia, and Capua to Roger. He had also some severe conflicts with the king of France, and the Romans, having, revolted against his govern- ment, re-established the senate, and declared themselves independent. In the midst of these troubles Innocent died, Sept. 23, 1143. See Herzog, Real-Kncyldop. s. v. ; Falnicius, Bihl. Lat. vied, et inf. cet. iv, 33 ; Lannes, Pant if rut du Pape Innocent II (Paris, 1741, 8vo) ; Mos- heim, Ch. Hist. cent, xii, pt. ii, ch. ii ; Neander, History of the Christian Religion and Church, iv, 75, 144, 255.