Innocent IV (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi, of Genoa) was elected as the successor of Celestine IV in the year 1243. In tlie preceding bitter quarrels between (JregorA' IX and the emperor Frederick II. cardinal Sinibaldo had
shown himself rather friendly towards the emperor; and the imperial courtiers, on receiving the news of his ex- altation, were rejoicing at it ; but the experienced Fred- erick checked them by remarking, " I have now lost a friendly cardinal, to find another hostile pope : no pope can be a GhibeUine." Anxious, however, to be relieved from excommunication, Frederick made advances to the new pope, and offered conditions advantageous to the Roman see ; but Innocent remained inflexible, and, sud- denly leaving Rome, went to Lyons, and there sum- moned a council in 1245, to which he invited the empe- ror. Thaddeus of Sessa appeared before the council to answer to the charges brought by the pope against Fred- erick ; and, after much wrangling. Innocent excommu- nicated and dethroned the emperor, on the ground of perjury, sacrilege, heresy, and defiance of the Church, commanded the German princes to elect a new empe- ror, and reserved the disposal of the kingdom of Sicilj' to himself. In Italy the onh' consequence -was that the war which already raged between the Guelphs and Ghibellines continued fiercer than before ; in Germany a contemptible rival to Frederick was set up in the per- son of Henry, landgrave of Thuringia, who was defeated by Conrad, Frederick's son. Frederick's sudden death in Apulia, A.D. 1250, led Innocent to return to Italy, and to offer the crown of Sicily to several princes, one of whom, Richard of Cornwall, observed that the pope's of- fer " was much like making him a present of the moon." Conrad, the son of Frederick, who had so valiantly and so successfidly defended his cause, Avas excommunicated; but he gave little heed to this act of Innocent's, and even went into Italy in 1252, and took possession of Apulia and Sicily. Two years after he died, and his brother Manfred, who became regent, in a like manner baffled both the intrigues and the open attacks of the court of Rome. Innocent himself died soon after, at the end of 1254, at Rome, leaving Italy and Germany in the greatest confusion in consequence of his outrageous ty- ranny, and his uiilnnding hostility to the whole house of Swabia. He \v;is Muccoded by Alexander lY. He wrote Appariiiiis snjn r du refales (fol., often reprinted) : — iJe P<ii( stall' i:,-r], y.;,i.<f;,-iii,i ,t Jiuisdidiane Imperii: — «
Officiinii III nr/iiii's /'isliWntlrltii/is B.Mariw^—Inter- pi-etfitiniiis III ]'iliis 'J'lstdiiii'ii/inii. Nuieteen letters of his are given l.y i>alibe, Co««7. xi, 598-G32; forty-eight byLTghc'lli. Itii/lii iSiiei-a; andhvehxDuchQsne, Ilistorim Franciiniiii AV/v^/.-yr.--, v, 412, 861. 'See Labbe and Cos- saTt.Sacros(ii,r/ii fmirl/ln. xi, 597-716; Bniyf. Hist, dfs Pajies, iii, IW; il(ui\. Illstor. EccUsiastiqiie ; Muratori, Rerum Italicnnini Srrlj:/ures, iii, 589-592; Ph. de Mor- imy, Hist, de In Pnjutnli. ]>. 376-404; Ciaconius, T'jte et res yestcB Potilljiiiiin I'miKUioi'itm, ii, 99; Paolo Panza, Vita delyran J'oiitifci/ Innocenzio Quarto (Naples, 1601, 4to) ; Reichel, See of Pome in the Middle Ayes (London, 1 870, 8vo), p. 2G4 sq. ; Hoefer, Xouv. Eiog. Generate, xxv, 906; Ent/l. Cyclop.; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, xiii, pt. ii, chap, ii; NoandeT, History of the Christian Reliyion and Church, iv, 76, 183 ; Herzog* Real-Encyllopadie, vi, 668. Innocent V {Peter of Tarantasia, also called Peter of Champar/ni or of Champayniaco) was born at Moustier, in Savoy, in 1225. He was elected pope January 20, 1276, as successor of Gregory X. He was a member of the order of Preaching Friars, into which he had entered (juite }"oung, and whore he had acquired a great reputation. He succeeded Thomas Aquinas as professor of tlieology in the University of Paris; was made archbishop of Lyons in 1272, and afterwards bishop of Ostia and grand penitentiary. As soon as he became pope he applied himself to the task of restoring peace to Italy, which was then divided into two contending factions, under the leadership of the Guelphs and the (Jhibcllines ((i. v.), and in this he measurably succeeded. He was also on the eve of inducing the Greek emperor, IMichcl Palivologus, to confirm the act of union between the (Jreck and Roman churches, drawn up in the Coun- cil of Lyons, when he died June 22, 1276. having occu- iiied tlie imiial throne onlv five months. He wrote com-
INNOCENT VI
593
INNOCENT VIII
mentaries Super iv lihros Sententiarum (Toulouse, 1G.")2, 3 vols, fol.) : — Super J'e?itateiic/ium ; super I.iiciiin ; su- per Hpintokis Pauli (Colon'iie. 147«; Autw. KUT, fol.); and various treatises : De Uidtate Format ; J )e Materia Call; De ^i^temitate Furnice ; De Intellectu et Volun- tate; and some other MS. works, the titles of which are given by Qiietif, Scriptores Ordinis Prcedicutoriim (Par- is, 1719, 2 vols. fol.). See Labbe, Concilia, xi, 1007 ; Cia- coniiis, Vitee et res rjestce Pontijicuiii Romcvnorum, ii, 203 ; Fleiiry, Hist. Ecclesiastiqiie, 1. xviii, chap Ixxxvi ; Du- chesne, Ilist. (les Papes, ii, 208 ; Muratori, Rerum Jtuli- caritm Scriptores, iii, 605 ; Bower, Ilist. of the Popes, vi, 301, 302 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vi, 6G9 ; Hoefer, Kouv. Biogr. Generale, xxv, 908 ; Mosheiin, Eccles. Hist, cent. xiii, pt. ii, ch. ii.
Innocent VI (Etienm d' Albert or Auhert'), a Frenchman, succeeded Clement VI in 1352. He resided at Avignon, like his immediate predecessors ; but, un- like them, he put a check to the disorders and scan- dals of that court, which have been so strongly depicted by Petrarch, Yillani, and other contemporary writers. He reformed the abuses of the reservations of benefices, and enforced the residence of bishops on their sees. His immediate predecessors having lost their influence in the States of the Church, Innocent VI determined on reconquering these territories, and successfully rcoccu- pied, with the assistance of the warlike cardinal ^Egid- ius Albornoz, the various provinces of the papal state which had been seized by petty tyrants. He then sent back to Rome the former demagogue Cola di Rienzo, who, being still dear to the people, repressed the inso- lence of the lawless barons, but who, becoming himself intoxicated with his power, committed acts of wanton cruelty, upon which the people rose and murdered him in 1354. In 1358 the emperor Charles IV was crowned at Rome by a legate deputed by pope Innocent for the purpose. Innocent died at Avignon, at an advanced age, in 1362. It was during his pontificate that the mendicant orders were persecuted in England, and de- clared to be an unchristian order by Richard, arch- bishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland, in a book wliich he published in defence of the curates or parish priests, entitled Hcfensorium Curatorum. Of course In- nocent rallied to the defense of the mendicants. He reprimanded the archbishop, and confirmed anew all the privileges which had been granted by his predecessors to men of that order. A letter of his is given by Labbe, Concilia, xi, 1930 ; four by Ughelli, Italia Sacra ; and two hundred and fifty by Martene, T/iesaiinis norus A )i- ecJotoriini, ii, 843-1072. See Duchesne, Hist, des Papes, ii, 261 ; Fleury, Hist. Ecclesiastique, l. xx, chap. Ixxxvi ; Sismondi, Hist, des Franfais, x, 397-596 ; Herzog, Real- Enci/l-lop. vi, 670; Enf/l. Ci/clop.; Hoefer, Koiu: Biogr. Generale, xxv, 910; Neander, Hist, of the Christian Re- ligion and Church, v, 44 ; JNIosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, xiv, pt. ii, ch. ii ; Schlosser, Weltgesch. bk. iv, ch. i, 408, 618 ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vi', 482 sq. (.J. H. W.)