INNOCENT XII
596
INNOCENTS' DAY
XXV, 919 : Kanke, Jlisf. of the Papaci/, i, 273, 279 ; Mos- heim, Ch. Jlist. cent, xvii, sec. ii, pt. i, ch. i ; Asclibach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 40-1 sq. ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vii, 48G sq. ; £n^/lisk Cf/dopcedia, s. v. ; Chambers, CyclopxB- du,,Ky. c'.I.lI.W.)
Innocent XII (cardinal Antonio Pignatelli) was born at Naples March 13, 1615, and succeeded Alexan- der VIII in July, 1691. He had a serious dispute with the emperor Leopold I, who, attempting to revive in It- aly the rights of the empire over the former imperial fiefs, which had, during the wars and vicissitudes of ages, become emancipated, published an edict at Kome in June, 1697, enjoining all the possessors of such territo- ries to apply to the emperor for his investiture within a fixed time, or they would be considered as usurpers and rebels. This measure, if enforced, would have affected the greater part of the landed property of Italy, and also the sovereignty of its governments, and of the Koman see among the rest. The pope protested against the edict, and advised the otlier Italian powers to resist such obsolete pretensions, and, witli the support of France, succeeded in persuading Leopold to desist from them. He also succeeded in putting an end to the difficidties existing between France and the see of Rome on the question of investiture [see Isxocent XI], and obtained from the French clergy an address which amounted al- most to a recantation of the four articles of the Galilean Church. The question of (Quietism then reappeared. BossuGt accused Fenelon of favoring that tendency in his l'..rji]ii(il'i<iii s/ir la vie interieure. The book was mod- cratilij luiKlciiiiicd by the pope, in accordance with the report (jf the Congregation of the Index (q. v.), and Fenelon ( q. v.), as is well known, submitted (see vol. iii, p. 529-530). Innocent built the harljor of Ponto d'Anzo on the ruins of the ancient Antium ; he constructed the aqueduct of Civita Vecchia ; the palace of the Monte Citorio at Rome, for the courts of justice ; and the fine line of buildings at Ripagrande, on the north bank of the Tiber, below tae town, where vessels which ascend the river load and unload. He also buUt the asylum, school, and penitentiarj' of San Michele, and other iise- fid works. Innocent was of regular habits, attentive to business, a lover of justice, and averse to nepotism. He died Sept. 27, 1700, and was succeeded by Clement XI. See Bruys, Hist, des Popes, v, 454 ; Sismondi, IJist. des Frangais, xxvi, 69 ; De Prades, A hrege de VHistoire EccUsiastique, ii, 338 ; N. P. (Jiannetasio, Panegi/riciis in fiiiicn' ImwcentilXIl (Naples, 1700,8vo); Herzog,^w/- /Jnri//clop. \i,G7{): Kii(/Hyli ( 'i/rlap. ; }rloc{eT, Noifr. Piog. Genenik, xxv, 923; iunkQ,'llist. of the Papacy, i, 28i- 313; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, xvii, sec. ii, pt. i, chap, i; Aschbach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 466 sc). (J. H. W.)
Innocent XIII (cartlinal M'irh,l Ahi/iIo Cvnti), born at Konic ;Mav 15, 1655, succccilid ( Iniiciit XI May 8, 1721. He had previously been iiapal iiuii< in lor a num- ber of years at different courts, and was made cardinal in 1707, legate at Ferrara in 1709, and bishop of Yitcr- bo in 1712. "When he ascended the papal throne, the discussion concerning the constitution Unigenitus was ill jirogross with great eagerness on all sides. On June 11, 1721, seven French bishops wrote to Innocent to obtain its withdrawal. Cardinal Althan complained also, in the emperor's name, of the trouble it was cre- ating in (ionnany. The pope, however, referred the matter to tlio ini|iiisiti)rs, who contlemned the letter of the bislioiis us iiijuricius to the memory of Clement XI, and disrespectful towards the holy see. Innocent XIII was a man of prudence and experience of the world, and less wilful and headstrong than his predecessor. The most discreditable event of his reign was his giving the cardinal's hat to Dubois (q. v.). He was on the eve of suppressing the order of Jesuits when he died, ISIarch 7, 1724. Some think he was poisoned. See Bruys, Hint, des Popes, v, 489 ; Sismondi, Hist, des Francois, xxvii, 442 ; De Piosseus, Mhnoires de la Regence du due d' Or- leans (1742, 3 vols. 12m()); A. Trica'ud, Pehitiou de la Mort d'limvcent XIU (Nancy, 1724, 12ino) ; llcrzog,
Real-EncyUop. vi, 677 ; English Cyclop. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 925 ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, iii, p. 485; Guamacci, Vit.Poiitif. ii, 137 sq., 381 sq. ; Asch- bach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 467.
Innocent, a Russian prelate, born in 1800 at Sievsk. At school he distinguished himself by his superior abil- ity over his fellow-students, especially displaying great oratorical talent. When twenty-four years old, in ac- cordance with the Russian custom of the better class of society destined for the service of the Church, he enter- ed the monastic order. Two years after, he was called as an officer to the theological academy of St. Petersburg, and in 1830 was made rector of the high school at Kief. After filling various positions of great eminence in his Church, he was made a member of the " Holy Synod" in 1856. He died at Odessa May 6, 1857. His works are, The last Days of Christ's terrestrial Life (1828) -.— The Life of the Apostle Paid (eod.) : — Discourses and Ser- mons (1843,3 vols.) : — Of Sin and its Consequences (1844) ; etc. — Hoefer, Nour. Biogr. Gen. xxv, 927. (J. H. W.)