Innocent, Gizei., a Russian prelate, was bom in Prussian Poland, of Lutheran parents, at the commence- ment of the 1 7th centur\^ He joined the Greek Church while yet young, and became a monk. Distinguished for great ability and learning, he was selected for a pro- fessor's chair at Kief. He died at that place Feb. 24, 1684. He published On the Peace betu-een God and Han (Kief, 1669), which, by a ukase of the Synod of 1766, was put in the Index : — Instructions on the Sacrament of Penitence (Kief, 1671) ; and left in IMS. a work on The true Faith (written in Polish), which aims to refute a work on the Supremacy of St. Peter, and the Procession of the Holy Spirit. He also published a synopsis of Rus- sian history, which has been extensively circulated, — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxv, 926. (J. H. W.)
Innocentiae Portus {f/ate of innocence) is one of the names given to the rite of baptism, aiming more di- rectly at a description of its end or efficacy. See Bap- tism. Innocentium Festum. See Innocents' Day. Innocents, MASSACRE OF, by HeIrod (Matt, ii, 16). It has been thought strange that Josephus should not mention this atrocity (see Volborth, Verom esse In- fanticidii Bethlehem, hist. Gcittingen, 1788) ; but it was one only, and that a local one, of his many acts of tyr- anny and cruelty. See Heeou the Great.
Innocents' Day (Festum Innocentium, I'/pspa, twv ayiioi' ti)' x'^'"t^"'>' vt]7riwr), set apart 'oy the Greek, Roman, and English churches to commemorate the slaughter of the children by Herod shortlj' after our Saviour's birth, is celebrated in the \Vestem Church on Dec. 28, and in the Eastern Church Dec. 29. Ancient ecclesiastical writers speak of these children as Christian martyrs. Cyprian says, " The nativity of Christ began" (a maiiyriis infantiuni) " with the martyrdom of those infants that from two years old and under were slain for his name" (Episf. 56, ad Thibar. p. 123). Augustine says, "These infants died for Christ, not knowing it; their parents bewailed them as dying martyrs; they could not yet speak, but, nevertheless, they confessed Christ: Christ granted them the honor to die for his name" (De Symbol, iii, 4, p. 303; De Lib. Arbit. iii, 23). So PruJentius (Cath. Hymn, de Epiph.), " Salvete, flores niartyrum,
Qnos Incis ipso In limine
Chi-isti insecutor sustulit,
Ceu turbo nascentes rosas !
Vos prima Christi victinia,
Grex immolatorum tener,
Aram sub ipsam simplices
Palnia et corona hiditis." " Hail, ye flower of martyrs, whom the enemy of Christ cut off in your very entrance upon the light, as the tem- pest does roses in the bud! First victims for Christ, tender flock of sacrifices, ye play innocently with your crowns and garlands before the very altar." It was a popular superstition iu the old Church tliat Innocents'
INNOVATIO BENEFICII
597
INQUISITION
Day (or Childermass, as it was also called) is very un- lucky to begin any work upon ; and what day soever that falls on, whether on a Monday, Tuesday, or any other, nothinp; must be begun on that day throughout the year. Tliough Childermass Day was reckoned un- fortunate, nevertheless revels were held on it. The So- ciety of Lincoln's Inn used to choose an officer at that season called the King of the Cockneys, who presided on the day of his appointment. But in the modern Church this feast is observed as a special holiday by the young, and many curious customs connected with it prevail in Catholic countries. Thus, in private families, the children are on this day privileged to wear the clothes of the elders, and in some sort to exercise au- thority over the household in their stead. So, also, in communities of nuns, the youngest sister becomes for this day superioress of the house, and exercises a sort of sportive authority even over the real superior. In Church, the priest celebrating mass on this day wears a blue gown. See Bingham, Orig. Eccles. bk. xx, cap. vii, § 12; A\\'j:\\^X\, Denkiinirdiijkeiten u.der chj-istl. Archdol. (Lips. 1817), i, 304 sq.
Innovatio Beiieficii is the technical term for any change to be eftected in n benefice ; it may have regard either to the position itself, or only to the revenues ac- cruing therefrom.
In partibus infidelium (i. q. in heathen coun- tries), Eriscopi's, episcopus tituku-is, episcojms siiffra- ganeus. All these expressions, sometimes vised promis- cuously, have, when closely examined, different signifi- cations. As bishops, on account of the great variety and number of duties devolving on them, are unable to perform them all in person, they are allowed the use of assistants, such as archdeacons, coadjutors, etc. For such functions, however, as can only be performed by a bishop, since there can be but one in a diocese (c. viii, Cone. Niccen. a. 325), the bishop imable to perform them was formerly obliged to call in the aid of a neighboring bishop. In after times, the bishops driven out of their dioceses were especially intrusted with these functions, being considered as still belonging de jure to their dio- cese. The Roman Church was thus led never to give up, in principle, any place where it had once obtained a footing, even when it did lose it in fact ; and thus, when its bishops were driven from a place, their connection with their cathedra did not therefore cease. In the 9th century a number of bishops were driven out of Spain by the Arabs, and sought refuge at Oviedo (Africa), waiting to resume their sees; and when one of them died, another was at once elected in his stead. While thus waiting they acted as assistants to the bishops of Oviedo, according to the express definition : " Ut epis- copi, qui ditione carerent, Ovetensi prsesuli vicariam operam exhiberent, cura in multos partita, ejusque re- ditibus alerentur" (see Thomassin, Vetus ac nova eccle- sice disciplina ck bemficiis, pt. i, lib. i, cap. xxvii, no. viii ; Vinterim, Die vorziiglichsten ]>< iikiriiriUgkeiten d. christ- kuth. Kirche, vol. i, pt. ii, p. ;i7'.». :;so). Wq next find instances of such vice-episcopi, r/tv.s- g< rentes in pontifi- calibus, ricarii in pontificulibits, in Germany, and they grew more numerous after the Tith century in conse- quence of the schism of the Eastern Church. It then became the practice to appoint for such dioceses as had formerly been Christian, but had now fallen into the hands of infidels (in partibus infideliuni), bishops called episcopi titulures, who were used as assistants to other bishops in their strictly episcopal functions. The I^ractice soon led to abuses, monks especially using ev- ery exertion to obtain such appointments. Clement V therefore decreed at Vienna in 1311 that no such bish- ops should thenceforth be appointed without the special authorization of the pope, and that no monks could be raised to that office without the consent of their supe- riors (cap. V, Clement. De electione). Other restrictions were also enacted at Ravenna in 1311, 1314, etc., but the practice was not al)olished! Thus, at the Synod of Cologne in 1322, we find the bishop of Liege represent-