{f.) Chrysostom remarks on Acts xxvi, 6 : " Here Paul speaks humanly, and does not throughout enjoy grace, but is permitted to intermix even his own materials."
{cj.) Augustine declares that the evangelists wrote more or less fully, " according as each remembered, and as each had it in his heart (ut quisque mcminerat, et ut cuique cordi erat) ;" and asserts that the " truth is not bound to the words," and that the " language of the evangelists might be ever so different, provided their thoufjhts were the same" (August. De Consensu Evangel- ist, ii, 12, 28).
[3. ] The period between the fathers and the school- men is of so little value in the history of theology that it is hardly worth while to refer to it. One or two writers of some note in this period adopted verbal in- spiration, but there was no received theorj' of the kind. Agobard, archbishop of Lyons, in answer to Fredegis (who is cited by Prof. Harris), asks, " What absurdity follows if the notion be adopted that the Holy Spirit not only inspired the prophets and apostles with the sense of their teachings, but also fashioned on their lips the verj^ words themselves, bodily and outwardly (corporea verba extrinsecus in ofa illorum)" (Agobard, Contra Frederjisitm, c. 12).
[4.] By the schoolmen, and subsequently by the doc- tors of the Chiu-ch in general, a distinction was made in inspiration between revelatio and assistentia.
[5.] Of the great reformers, Luther, iNIelancthon, Cal- vin, and Zwinglius, not one maintained any such doc- trine as that of verbal inspiration, while they all speak in the strongest jiossible language of the divinity, cred- ibility, and infallibility of the sacred ^\Titings.
[6.] It was in the 17th century that the notion of verbal inspiration, which had before only floated about from one individual mind to another, took the shape of a definite theory, and received a proper ecclesiastical sanction. The subject was treated at length by Calovi- ns (the bitter opponent of Grotius and Calixtus), who
set forth the verbal theorj' very fully ; and later writers, both Lutheran and Reformed, carried it so far as to ex- tend inspiration to the vowel-points and the punctua- tion. The Formula Consensus llelretici declares that the Old Testament " is Otoirvivaroi:, equally as regards the consonants, the vowels, and the vowel-points, or at least their force."
V. Literature. — Early treatises on the subject, of a general character, are those of Quenstedt,Carpzov, Weg- ner, Lange, Le Clerc, Lowth, Lamothe, Clarke, Doddridge, etc., which rather belong to the jirovince of " Introduc- tion" (q. V.) ; more explict are the works of Bajdy, Es- say on Inspiration (London, 1707, 1708); Jatjuelot, La Verite et V Insjnration des livres du V. et K. T. (Kotterd. 1715) ; Calamy, Inspiration of 0. and N. Test. (London, 1710) ; Martense, Christiame doctrinm de dirina Sacra- rum Litterarum inspir. rimlicim (Jena, 1724) ; Klemm, Thcopmn.<t.Sacr<,nini ].itl. <,.<.« rt<i (Tiili. 17-1?,) ; Stosch, 1)1 iliiiiliri Ajinslnll. th,:qiit,ii.<i;,i. til III ijiiiiniJi (urn spe- ciali ((Hii'lplidl.. I7.V1); nulLstecU. Vv' n ra >S'. ,S. inspi- nilidiii.-i iiiilul, (('iiliiirg. 1757 sq.) ; Teller, y^e insjjir. di- rina \',i/iiiii Siirroriiiii (Helmst, 17G2); also Diss. de Li- sjiir. Srrij,/. S,i,:jii,r„'i,iformando (Helmst. 17G4) ; Toll- ncr, Die (iiittlirhi i:iiii,,hiuiij <h r hiitiijin Svhrift unter- suckt (Mittau and Lci|i/.ig, 177-J): Jaiildiisky, V-'e ^son- vtvaria Srriptnrinn .SucKiniiii X. T. [in his Opusc. ed. te Water, iv, 42o-o4) ; Wakefield, Essay on Inspiration (Lond. 1781); IMeycr, De Inspiratione S. S. (Tr. ad Kh. 1784) ; Hegclmaicr, De Tlcopneustia ejvsque statu in vi- ris .^,iii,ii< Lihli. Siirr. itiirtnrihus (Tub. 1784) ; MiUer,
i/iinnii nec omniscientiam quasi ifuisse (Gott.1789); Henck-
el, Insjnrationem Ecr. et A cf. sine nllo relic/ionis damno negari posse dubitatum (Frcft. ad V. 1793) : the definite questions of the extent and character of inspiration, however, are specially discussed in the works of jMoore, Plenary Inspiration of the X. T. (Lond. 1793) ; Jesse, On' the Learning and Inspiration of the Apostles (London, 1798) ; Findlay, The Dirine Insjnration of the Jewish Scripttires, etc. (Lond. 1803) ; Dick, Essay on the Inspi- ration of the Holy Scripturr.^ (Glasgow, i800; 4th edit, 1840) ; Sontag, Doctr. iiisj.iriitiitii'.t ijusque ratio, hist, et iisus jwpularis (Heidelberg. b'^Ki) ; Dullo, Ueher d.gottl. Eingebung des X. T. (Jena, islli) ; H. Planck, Ueber Of- fenbarung u. Inspiration [opposed to Schleiermacher's views] (Gott. 1817); Kennel, ^Voo/s of Insinration [N. T. compared with Apocrj'pha] (Lond. 1822) ; Parry, In- quiry into the Xature and Extent of the Inspiration of the Writers of the X. T. (2d edit. London, 1822) ; Macleod, Viete of Inspiration [general statement of fact] (Glasg. 1827); Carson, Theories of Inspiration [review of Wil- son, Pye Smith, and Dick] (Edinb. 1830) ; Haldane, 2"Ae Books of the 0. and X. T. priinil to be canonical, and their Verbal Inspiraiidii iiKii/ituiiinl and established, etc. [a brief partisan treatise] (Tith ed. ICdinb. 1853) ; Hinds, Bp., Proofs, Xature, and Ea-tiut of Inspiration (Oxford, 1831) ; Eraser, Essay on the Plenary and Verbal Itispira- tion of the Holy Scriptures [a popular view] (in New Family Library, vol. ii, Edinb. 1834) ; Henderson, Divine Inspiration [a calm and judicious treatise, endeavoring to reconcile the extreme theories, and therefore some- what inconsistent with itself] (London, 1836; 4th edit. 1852) ; Carson, Divine Inspiration [strictures on Hen- derson] (London, 1837); Gaussen, Theojmetistie [a rhe- torical rather than logical plea for the extreme view] (2d ed. 1842; translated into English, Edinburgh, 1850; I3oston, 1850) ; Jahn, .1 d qimsdam pertinent promiss. Sp. S. sec. X. Test. (Basle, 1>!41) ; Leblois, Sur l' Inspiration des premiers Chretiens (Strasl)urg. 1S50); Caxson, Inspi- ration [violent] (Dublin, 1864) ; L(;e, Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures [an excellent work, making many good distinctions, and giving the history, but defective in arrangement and exactness] (Dublin, 1857, 2d edit.).; Wordsworth, Inspiration of Canon [apologetic] (Lon- don, 1848, 1851 ; Philadelphia, 1854); Lord, Plenary In- sfiiratimi of the Scriptures [an extremist] (New York, 1858); ^lac\\SMg)At,Inspir. Infull. and Author. ofSa-ip-