fore, to form a separate sect, Allnut and Marion, with their adherents, connected themselves for a while with the French Reformed churches of the Netherlands, but they failed also here to acquire any influence. On the other hand, they obtained great consideration among the Pietists and Separatists of Northern and Western Germany, and established separate congregations at Halle (1713) and Berlin (1714). From Halle the prin- ciples of the Inspired were disseminated into the neigh- boring regions, and communities, composed chieflj' of Separatist emigrants from France and Suabia, soon formed in many places. Their chiefs were E. L. Gru- ber, at Himbach, near Hanau (born 1665, f 1728) ; A. Gross, in Frankfort ; the saddler, J. F. Rock, at Him- bach ; and the hermit, E. C. Hochmann, at Schwarze- nau, near Berleburg (born 1670, f 1721). In 1716 they took the name of Truly Dispired (see J. J. 'Wiukel, ( V;.v- imir, Bielef. 1850). Their organization was based on the so-called twenty-four rules of true sanctitication and of holy conduct, taken mainly from an address of Johann A. Gruber in 1716. Up to 1719 they counted nine of their members endowed with the gift of inspiration. In order to make proselytes, these travelled through all the neighboring districts, Switzerland and Western Ger- many, especially the Palatinate and Alsace, and even visited Saxony and Bohemia. They established com- munities at Schwarzenau, Homringhausen, near Berle- burg, Himbach and Bergheim, Nonneburg, Diidelsheim, Budingen, Birstein in AVetteraw, Anwetler in the Palat- inate, Gijppingen, Calw, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Ulm, ^Memmingen in Wiirtemberg, Scliaffhauscn, Zfiricli, Berne, Diesbach, Amsoldingen in Switzerland. In the mean time the number of inspired members did not in- crease, and the eight died out one by one, until, in 1719, Rock alone remained, and he continued to be the head of the sect until his death in 1749. From that time the sect gradually lost its influence. A number of former members, under the leadership of Gruber, Gleim, Mack- inet, and other Separatists, emigrated to America, and settled at Germantown, Pa, In 1730, when the Herrn- hut movement begun. Rock had some difficulties Avith his former friend Zinzendorf, ^vhich proved fatal to the interest of the Inspired. He also hatl a long controver- sy with the Jlystic Separatist Johann Kaiser, who had founded a Philadelphian commmiity at Stuttgart in 1710, and founded an Inspired one in 1717. In 1745-50 communities at Wetteraw and Herrlfliaag became con- verts to the enthusiasts, who even at that time succeed- ed in making proselytes. They were joined by the court preacher Kiimpf, of Bauhl, in Alsace, who remain- ed attached to the cause until his death in 1753, and the celebrated theologians Ottinger and Tersteegen themselves were for a time fovorable to the movement. After 1816 the sect recci^-ed a new impulse, and reor- ganized themselves under the leadership of IMichael Krausert, a tailor of Strasburg, and later under Christian Metz (born at Neuwied in 1792), but, being subjected to severe oppression by the civil authority, they emigra- ted, numbering about 800, in 1841, to this country, and settled at libenezer, near Buffalo, in the state of New York. They established a community which still ex- ists at that place. Thej' support themselves by agri- culture and the manufacturing of cloth, practising com- munism to a certain extent ; their numbers are about 2000. They have also established colonies in Canada and (since 1854) in Iowa. The Inspired occupy a place midway between the Separatists and the Herrn- hutters. In their doctrines they are evangelical, but they reject the sacraments, and disclaim any relation to the Evangelical Church. They consider themselves soldiers of Christ, and, as such, obliged to lead a life of renouncement and abnegation ; in their practice they follow the principles of the Jlystic Schwenkfeld, J. Biihm, Weigel, etc. Inspiration, they believe, is always preceded by some material sign or physical sensation, such as a burning in the chest, cessation of breathing, convulsive motions of the arms, etc., after which, in a
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sort of somnambulic state, the inspired person receives and manifests the divine inspiration : this manifestation consists sometimes only in convulsive motions, or in broken sentences, which latter arc generally invitations to repentance and amendment, or denunciations of some adversary. The congregations are governed by a chief and two elders, and they hold occasional conferences to- gether. They have no regular ministry, but all mem- bers, of both sexes, are reciuired to contribute to the common edification by praying aloud in the assemblies ; besides this, if an Inspired teacher is present, and feels insjiired, he preaches ; if not, he reads some passages of Scripture, or the recorded utterances of some Inspired members. They have also a particular collection of hymns. Their principal festivals are love-feasts, at whicli preaching is generally part of the order of exer- cises of the day. These festivals are announced long beforehand, but none take part in them except those who are personally invited to do so by the Inspired leaders. The week before a love-feast is always a sea- son of especial fasting, penitence, and prayer, and the day preceding it is still more strictly observed. Pray- er, singing, prophesying, and feet-washing always pre- cede the love-feast, at which the persons invited jjartake of cake and wine. See M. Giibel, Gcsch. d. icahrm In- spirati<ms(jemeinden von 1088-185-1 (in the Zcitschvift fur hist. Tlu'oUujk', 1854): Schriickli, Kirrheinjexchichtc k d. Rcf or mat i< ill, \in, 401 sq. ; ><i.-h\vi:c], Kirc/iou/esr/ur/ite d. 18'""" J(thrhnndi-rti<, ii, div. ii, 1(117 s(j. ; Baumgarten, Ge- schichti' d. Udifj. Partheien, p. 1048 sq.