From the expression "thy brethren" (xv, 20) we may infer that there were other Philistines besides Ittai in the six hundred; but this is uncertain. Ittai was not exclusively a Philistine name, nor does " Gittite" — as in the case of Obed-edom, who ^\•as a Levite — necessa- rily imply Philistine parentage. StiU David's words, " stranger and exile," seem to show that he was not an Israelite. — Smith. Others, however, have hazarded the supposition that this Ittai is the same as the preceding, having been called a Gittite as a native of Gittaim, in Benjamin (2 Sam. iv, 3), and a " stranger and an exile" '
as a Gibeonite, who, having fled from Beeroth, a Gibe- onitish town (Josh, ix, 17), had, with his brethren, taken up his residence in Gittaim. All this is verj- improba- ble. See Gittite.
Ittig, Thomas, a German Lutheran divine, v,-as born at Leipzig Oct. 31, 1643. He studied at the universities of Leipzig, Eostock, and Strasburg. After filling the pastorate, he became, in 1698, professor of philosophy in the university of his native city. In 1691 he was trans- ferred to the chair of theology. He died April 7, 1710. Ittig was a very aBle man, but he lacked all tolerance towards those who chose to differ from him, and in some of his writings he is quite severe against other religious bodies than Lutherans. He is especially celebrated as a collector of the writings of the apostolical fathers (see below). His principal works are, Animadversiones in censm-omfacultatis theoloyicce Parisiensis, etc. (Leipzig, 1685, 4to) : — De Heresiarchis cevi apostolici et apostolico proximi (Leipz. 1690 and 1703, 4to) : — Prolegomena ad Flavii JosejM opera Grceco-Laiina (Cologne, 1G91 . fol.) : — Bibliothcca Patrinn apostolicoi~um Grceco-Latina, etc. (Leipz. 1699, 2 vols. 8vo) (above al'uded to) -.—Ojierum dementis Alexandrini Siipplemcntum, etc. (Leipz. 1700, 8vo) : — Exei-citationvm 'J'Ik (ili>(iir(innn rnrii argvmenti, etc. Accedunt diice vrctiniKs ///(/^'///(/■(/A.--, etc. (Leipzig, 1702) : — Exercitatio tlauloyica dc lunhjanuticorum quo- rundam nostrce wtatis pu7-</atoriis (Lpz. 1703, 4to) : — Be Synodi Carentonensis a reformatis in Gallia ecclesiis anno 1031 rrlibratfp imhih;mfia eir/a Lvtheranos, etc., Dissertiiliii tin oIihjIi'h. A cci diiiit qiiatitor I^rii;ir<iiiim((ta, (Lpz. 17(i."i, llij) •.—Jlistoriii i<yii(}il(irutn rial i(ii« ilium a reformatis in Gallia habiturum, etc. (Lpz. 1705): — iJe Bibliothecis et Catenis Pairum, etc. (Lpz. 1707, 8vo) : — Ilistorice ecclesiastical primi a Christo nato sceculi selecta Capita de scriptoribus et scriptis ecclesiasiicis, etc. (Lpz. 1709, 4to) : — Schediasinu de avtoribus qui de scriptm-ibus ecclesiasticis eyerimt (Lpz. 1711, 8vo) : — Historia Concilii Nicefni (Leipz. 1712, 4to) : — Opuscula varia, edita cura Christiani Ludovici (Leipz. 1714, 8vo). See Kern, De Vita, Obittt, Scriptisque Th. Ittiyii epistolica Bissertatio (Lpz. 1710) ; A eta Eruditorum Lipsiensia, p. 221 ; Nice- ron, Memoires, xxix, 241-252 ; Sax, Onomast. Literar, v, 392 ; Appendix, vi, 585; Ersch. u. Gruber, A lly. Encyl: ; J.Fabricius, ///x/. /ii/>/;otli,<;r,y, HO, 141.302,303.310; vi,456; Hoefrr. .\ni,r. /.•;.-//. C/<'/,//v;/r. xxvi. 10(1; Fiihr- mann, IIandwor/< rhmh d. Kircl/f ii(ji schicli/c, ii, 515.
Ituras'a (Irovpaia), a small district in the N.E. of Palestine, forming the tetrarchy of Philip, in connection with the adjacent territory' of Trachonitis (Luke iii, 1). The name is supposed to have originated with "^w^, Itiir, or Jetur, one of Ishmael's sons (1 Chron. i, 31). In 1 Chron. v, 19, this name is given as that of a tribe or nation with which Reuben (beyond the Jordan) warred ; and, from its being joined with the names of other of Ishmael's sons, it is evident that a tribe descended from
ITUR^A
V15
IVAH
\
his son Jetur is intimated. In the latter text the Sept. takes this view, and for " with the Hagarites, with Jetur, and Nephish, and Nodab," reads " with the Hagarites, and Itiu-ccans, and Nephisoeans, and Nadabreans." The old name seems to be still preserved in that of Jedur, which the same region, or a part of it, now bears. (This, however, has lately been disputed by Wetzsteiu \_Reise- bericht, p. 88 sq.] on the precarious ground of the pres- ent dependent situation of the district.) We may thus take the district to have been occupied by Ishmael's son, whose descendants were dispossessed or subdued by the Amorites, under whom it is supposed to have formed part of the kingdom of Bashan, and subsequently to have belonged to that half tribe of iNIanasseh which had its possessions east of the Jordan. From 1 Chron. v, 19, it appears that tlie sons of Jetur, whether under tribute to tlie Amorites (as some suppose), and forming part of the kingdom of Bashan or not, were in actual occupation of the countr}', and were dispossessed by the tribes beyond the Jordan, who now conquered and colonized the little province of Jetur, which lay between Bashan and jNIount Hermon (" in Libano monte" according to Muratori, Thes. Iiiscript. ii, 670). During the Exile this and oth- er border countries were taken possession of by various tribes, whom, although they are called after the original liames, as occupants of the countries which had received those names, we are not bound to regard as purely de- scendants of the original possessors. These new Itura;- ans were eventually subdued by king Aristobulus (B.C. 100), who reconquered the province, then called by its Greek name Iturtca, and gave the inhabitants their choice of Judaism or banishment (Joseph. .!«/. xiii, 11, 3). While some submitted, many retired to their own rocky fastnesses, and to the defiles of Hermon adjoining. Nevertheless, the Iturreans were still recognisable as a distinct jn'ople in the time of Pliny {Hist. Nut. y,2o). Tliey cxteiuli'd their incursions as far as Phoenicia, but submittcil to the Romans under Pompey (Appian, Mith- riil. 100), and appear to have been allowed to retain then- native princes as vassals. Itura^a was first formally an- nexed to the province of SjtIi by Claudius (Tacitus, Ann. xii, 23, 1 ; Dio Cassius, lix, 12), having been previ- ously included in Perasa as part of the dominions of Her- od. (See F.Mlinter, De rebus Ititraorum [Hav. 1824]). As already intimated, Herod the Great, in dividing his dominions among his sons, bequeathed Ituraja to Philip as part of a tetrarchy composed, according to Luke, of Trachonitis and Iturfea ; and as Josephus (.4 nt. xv, 10, 1 ; comp. xvii, 8, 1) mentions his territory as composed of Auranitis, Trachonitis, and Batanrea, some have thought (Rcland, p. 106; Lightfoot, Hot: Ihb.) that the evange- list regarded Auranitis and Paneas as comprehended under Iturrea, a name loosely applied by ancient writers (see Pliny, v, 19; Epiphan. J/wres. 19; comp. Paulus, Comment, i, 311; Wetstein, i, 071). But it properly denoted a well-defined region distinct from Auranitis. Pliny rightly places it north of Bashan and near Da- mascus (v. 23), and J. de Yitry describes it as adjoining Trachonitis, and lying along the base of Libanus, be- tween Tiberias and Damascus (Gesfa Dei, p. 1074 ; comp. p. 771, 1003). The districts mentioned by Luke and Josephus were distinct, but neither of these historians give a full list of all the little provinces in the tetrar- chy of Philip. Each probably gave the names of such as were of most importance in connection with the events he was about to relate. Both Batansea and Au- ranitis appear to have been included in the " region of Trachonitis" (TpaxoiviriSoc X'''P") ? ^"'' ^® Josephus mentions a part of the " house of Zenodorus" which was given to Philip, it unquestionably embraced Itursea (.4 nt. XV, 10, 3). According to Strabo (xvi, 755 sq.), the coun- try known Vo classical WTiters was hilly (comp. Jac. de Vitriaco, p. 1074), with many ravines and hollows ; the inhabitants were regarded as the worst of bar&arians (Cicero, Philip, ii, 14), who, being deprived of the re- sources of agriculture (ApxA. FlorirJ. i, 6), lived by rob- bery (Strabo, xvi, 756), being skilful archers (Virgil,