Ivo, bishop of Chartres {Caniotensis). Little is known of the life of this prelate beyond what we can learn from his works. The exact date of his birth is not ascertained (it is supposed to have been about 1040), neither is his descent : some saj' that he was of low ex- traction (" ex genere minime nobili," Gallia Christiana, viii, 1126), while others give him a noble parentage ("in agro Bellovacensi natus nobili a sanguine nobilem ani- mirni traxit," Vita D.Ivonis, Paris ed. 1647). He stud- ied philosophy and rhetoric at Paris, then theology un- der Lanfranc in the convent of Bee ; and in 1078 became superior of the convent of St. Quentin, in which office he acquired great reputation as a theologian and canon- ist. In 1090, upon the deposition of the bishop of Char- tres for simony, Ivo was appointed in his place, yet his predecessor had still such strong local interest that Ivo had to be nominated directly by the pope (Urban II), and was only installed in 1092, at Capua. He is one of the prelates who contributed most to the exten- sion of papal authority, yet he did not hesitate to speak plainly against the abuse of the system of curacy ; in the Paris edition of his life he is even praised as one of the defenders of the GaUican liberties. In the difficulty about the question of investiture (q. v.). raised b}- Hilde- brand and his followers, the course of Ivo was marked by great moderation, arising, not from -weakness, but from a desire of conciliating and meting justice to all parties. He also endeavored to check the persecuting spirit of the hierarchy when it began to accuse pope Paschal II of heresj' for having yielded to emperor Hen- ry V. His private character, as well as his learning, gave him great influence. AVhen Philip I repudiated his legitimate wife to marrj- another, he alone had the courage to oppose him, and neither promises nor threats could induce him to sanction the misdeed ; and by his noble and straightforward course he excited the admi- ration of the people and nobility, who all took his part. He died in 1115 (according to Richter and Mejer, in 1125), and was canonized in 1570 for May 20. As a writer, he is known as the author of a Pannormia and a decretum [see Canons and Decretals, Collec- tions of) ; also of 287 Letters (Paris, 1584-85, 1610), which shed much light on the history of his time, and show in how high an estimation his opinions were held ; 24 ecclesiastical discourses on synods, festivals, etc. ; and, finally, a short chronicle of the French kings. The most complete collection of his works has been published at Paris in 1647, fol., but it does not contain the Pannor- mia. In INIigne's edition of the fathers Ivo's works were reprinted in 1855 (Paris). See Hist. Litt. de France, x, 102; V, 150; Herzog, Peal-Encyklopddie, vii, 189 sq.; INIosheim, Fccles. Hist, ii, 180 sq. ; Ceillier, Hist, des Aut. Sac. xxi, 423 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirchengesch. xvii, 13 sq. ; xxvi, 12 sq.
Ivory (D'^atiaa, sAew/if/Mjw', elei^hanfs tooth; see A. Benarj', in the Berliner Lit. Jah-Mcher, 1831, No. 96; 1 Kings X, 22; 2 Chron. ix, 21; and so explained by the Targum, P^B'n "jTr, and Sept. odovTtq i\t<puvTivoi;
IVORY
717
IVORY
also simply '"CJ, a footk, Psa. xlv, 8 ; Ezek. xxvii, 15 ; Amos vi, 4 ; N. T. tXerpdi'Tipoc, ofioorij, Rev. xviii, 12). It is remarkable that no word in Biblical Hebrew de- notes an elepliant, iniless the latter portion of the com- pound shen-habbhn be supposed to have this meaning. Gesenius derives it from the Sanscrit ihhas, "an ele- phant;" Keil (on 1 Kings x, 22) from the Coptic eboij ; Avhile Sir Henry Kawlinson mentions a word kabha, which he met with in the Assyrian inscriptions, and which he imderstands to mean " the large animal," the term being applied both to the elephant and the camel (Jnurn. of As. Soc. xii, 463). It is suggested in Gese- nius's Thesmirus (s. v.) that the original readuig may have been n"^32n '"Jlj, " ivory, ebony" (compare Ezek. xxvii, 15). By some of the ancient nations these tusks were imagined to be horns (Ezek. xxvii, 15 ; Pliny, viii, 4; xviii, 1), though Diodorus Siculus (i, 55) correctly calls them teeth. As they were first acquainted with elephants through their ivory, which was an important article of commerce, the shape of the tusks, in all prob- ability, led them into this error. They are geiniine teeth, combining in themselves, and occupying, in the upper jaw, the whole mass of secretions which in other animals form the upper incisor and laniary teeth. They are useful for defence and offence, and for holding down green branches, or rooting up water-plants ; but still they are not absolutely necessary, since there is a varie- ty of elephant in the Indian forests entirely destitute of tusks, and the females in most of the races are either witliuut them, or have them very small; not turned downwards, as Bochart states, but rather straight, as correctly described by Pliny. Only two species of ele- phants are recognised — the African and the Indian — easily distinguished from each other by the size of the ear, which in the former is much larger than in the lat- ter. The tusks of the African elephant attain some- times a length of 8 or even 10 feet, and a weight of 100 to 120 pounds; but those of the Indian elephant are much shorter and lighter, while in the females they of- ten scarcely project beyond the lips. " Elephant's tooth," or simply " elephant," is a common name for ivorj', not only in the Oriental languages and in Greek, but also in the Western tongues, although in all of them teeth of other species may be included. There can be no doubt, for example, that the harder and more accessi- ble ivory obtained from the hippopotamus was known in Egypt at least as early as that obtained from the ele- phant. This kind of ivory does not split, and therefore ■was anciently most useful for military instruments. See Elephant.