Jacob OF HuxGARV, surnamed the ^^aster, a fa- natic and adventiu-er, and the chief of tlic Pastoureaux
or Shepherds, is supposed to have been a native of Hungary, though nothing definite is known as to his origin. In his youth he joined the Cistercian order, but is said to have afterwards embraced Islamism : this, however, is a matter of doubt, some even reversing the order of his conversion from one faith to the other. He was also represented as having learned the occult arts from the Moors of Spain, and also as having been a traitor to France. At any rate, we find him at Easter, A.D. 1251, heading a popular movement in favor of king St. Louis, then a prisoner at Cajsarea. The king, apparently for- saken by the nobility and clergy, was the idol of the people. Jacob travelled througli the provinces, preach- ing a crusade in which none but the poor and lowly should take part, God having forsaken the opulent and the great on account of their pride, and the clergy on account of their licentiousness. He claimed to have visions, to have received a direct message from the Vir- gin, etc. " He was an aged man," gays Milman, " with a long beard, and pale, emaciated face; he spoke Latin, French, and German -with the same fluent persuasive- ness; he preached without authority of pope or prelate." The eloquence of the Master of Hungary stirred the lowest depths of society. The shepherds, the iieasants, left their flocks, their stalls, their fields, their ). loughs; in vain friends, parents, wives remonstrated ; tlicy took no thought of sustenance. So, drawing men after him " as the loadstone draws the iron," he soon had a large number of followers, who received the name of Pastou- rcls or Pastoureaux, from the fact that the first and the most of his followers were shepherds or peasants. Both the magistrates and queen Blanche, thinking they might become instrumental in securing the liberation of the king, encouraged them for a time. Soon, how- ever, their ranks were swelled by a number of vagrants, thieves, highwaj^men, and all the scum of the popula- tion, attracted by the prospect of spoils. They had started from Flanders in the direction of Paris, and when they reached Amiens they numbered 30,000. These recruits wore daggers, swords, battle-axes, and' all the implements of warfare. Received and entertained by the citizens of Amiens, they gained new adherents, and their number swelled to 50,000, and on their arriwil at the gates of Paris they were a formidable band of 10(1,0(10 armed meh. Sismondi says: '"Their hatred of the priests was as great as their hatred of the infidels. They had preachers who never had been ordained; their teachings were far from orthodox, and they assumed the riglit of setting aside ecclesiastical discipline ; they granted divorces, and permitted marriages which the priests denounced as contrary to the canons." They were especially bitter against the monastic orders, and a number of monks were murdered by them. The au- thorities began to regret having encouraged them ; yet they were allowed to enter Paris, and Jacob went so far as to officiate publicly in the church of St. Eustache. Several murders marked their stay in the capital. Find- ing his forces considerably increased, Jacob divided them into several bands, under pretense of embarking them at different points for the Holy Land. One of these bands went to Orleans, whore they massacred all the priests and monks they could find ; and thence to Bourges, where, the priests carefully keeping out of the way, they attacked the Jews, demolishing their syna- gogues and plundering their houses. Eifective meas- ures were at last taken to put a stop to these excesses. They were excommunicated bj- the Church, and the authorities invited the people to arm against and war on them. Jacob was still in the capital. One day, by order of the queen, an executioner mingled with the crowd who surrounded him, and, while he was preach- ing, cut off his head with a single blow of the axe. At the same time, a inimber of knights charged on his fol- lowers, who were dispersed. The other bands met with the same fate, and an end was put at the .same time to the depredations and to the sect. See IMatthew Paris, Hist. Anglice; Guillaume de Nangis, Chron. in Sjncil.;
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Matthew of Westminster, //w/orw ; Chron.de Sf.Denys; Sismondi, Hist, des Fmnfctu, vii, 475 sq. ; Dufey, JJicf. de la Conversation, article I'astoureaux ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gmerale, xxvi, 1G7 sq. ; Milman, Latin Christian- ity, vi, 57 sq. ; Semler, Versuch e. Kirchemjesch. i, 545 sq. (J.H.W.)
Jacob OF JiJTERBOCK (oT Jacobus Cisterciensis, etc.) Avas bum at Jliterbock about 1383. When yet quite vouniT lie entered the Cistercian monastery De Paru- diso situated in Toland, and afterwards went to Cracow to i>rociirc the doctorate. Distinguished for scholarship and piety, he soon became the acknowledged leader among his fellow monks, and Avas finally elected abbot of his convent. Some time after he removed to Prague, but, growing dissatisfied with the many failings of men who professed to have quitted the world to seek an alli- ance with God, but who, in truth, had only entered the monastic order because it was the road to distinction, he advocated a reform of the Church, and at one time even fostered the thought of forsaking the monastic life alto- gether. He changed to the Carthusian order, removed to one of their monasteries at Erfurt, was here also greatly beloved for his superior abilities, and became prior of the monaster^-. He died in lC4o. Jacob of Jli- terbock may be justly regarded an associate of the mys- tics of the 14th century, and virtually a forerunner of the Keformation — one of the Johns preparing the Avay for Luther. Characteristic of his efforts for a reformatory movement are his Sermones notahiles etformales de tem- pore et de Sanctis : — Lihelli tres de arte cuixmdi vilia (in Joh. Wesseli OpjJ., Amst. 1617) : — Liher de reritate dicen- da: — Tract, de causis multariim passionum (in Pezelii Bihliotli. uscet. vii) : — De indulgentiis : — De negligentia Prcelatorum (in Walch, Monum. med. wr. ii, Fasc. 1) : — Dc septeni ecclesim statibus opuscidum (Walch, Fasc. 2). Especially in the last work he declares that a reform (if the Church could only be effected by subjecting the whole clergy, from the pope downward, to a thorough change. He vehemently opposed the absolute power of the papal chair, the right of the pope to control the coiuicils, and naturally enough denied the infallibility of the so-called " vicar of Christ." See Ullmann, Re- formers before the Reformation, i, 208, 250 ; Trithemii Catal. illitstr. virorum, i ; Herzog, Real-Encyklvp. vi, 380, 381 ; Jiibliotheca Sacra, i, 434 sq.