James, St. (the Less), FESTIVAL OF. See St. Phh^h'.
James, St., LITURGY OF, a form of service which was very early used in the patriarchate of Antioch ; the Monophysites using it in Syriac and the orthodox in Greek, this last having in it many interjiolations from the liturgies of other places. Palmer, in his 07-if/ines Liturijica; with which Neale {Introd. East. Ch. p. 318) agrees, says, " There are satisfactory means of ascertain- ing the order, substance, and generally the expressions of the solenni liturgy used all through the patriarchate of Antioch and Jerusalem before the year 451 ; that the liturgy thus asccrtamed coincides with tlie notices which the fathers of that country give concerning tlieir liturgy during the 5th and 4th centuries; that this liturgy was used in the whole patriarchate of Antioch in the 4th century with little variety; that it prevailed there in the 3d century, and even in the 2d. The liturgy of St. James may therefore be considered to have originated near the time of the birth of Christianity; at least in the first century of our wra" (comp. Neale, Introd. East. Ch. bk. iii, ch. i, especially p. 319).— Eadie, Eccles. Diet. s. V.
James oe Edessa, etc. See Jacob of Edessa, etc.
James I of England and YI of Scotland was the only offspring of Mary, queen of Scots, by her sec- ond husband, IIenr\' Stuart, lord Darnley, who, through his father, :Matthe\v Stuart, earl of Lennox, being de- scended from a daughter of James II. had some preten- sions to the succession of the Scottish throne m case
of Mary dying without issue. He was the grandson, as INIary was the granildaughter, of Margaret Tudor, through whom the Scottish line claimed and eventually obtained the inheritance of the crown of England after the failure of the descendants of Henry VIII. The son of INIarj' and Darnley (or king Henry, as he was called after his marriage) was bom in the castle of Edinburgh June 19, 156G, and was baptized according to the Roman Catholic ritual in Stirling Castle December 17 fcAlowing, by the names of Charles James. The murder of Darn- ley took place F'eb. 18, 15C7, and was followed by Mary's marriage with Bothwell on May 15 of the same year; her capture by the insurgent nobles, or Lords of the Con- gregation as they called themselves, at Carberry, on June 14 ; her consignment as a prisoner to the castle of Lochleven on the 17th, and her forced resignation of the crown on July 24, in favor of her son, who was crowned at Stirling on the 28th as James VI, being then an infant of a little more than a year old. It was at this time that the final struggle was raging in Scotland between the two great interests of the old and the new religion, wliich, besides their intrinsic importance, were respectively iiUntitied with the French and the English alliance, and which, together with the old and the new distribution of the jiroperty of the kingdom, made the minority of James stormy beyond even the ordinary experience of Scottish minorities. Before his mother's marriage with Bothwell he had been committed by her to the care of the earl of !Mar ; and James's education was mainly intrusted to Jlar's brother, Alexander Ers- kine, and other distinguished Scotch scholars, among whom figured most prominently the Protestant George Buchanan, a zealous adherent of the Presbyterian Church. During the minority of the young king, the earl of Mor- ton had been assigned the regency ; but James's guar- dians being anxious to control themselves the affairs of state, in 1578 jNIorton was driven from power, and James nominally assumed the direction of affairs. Morton, however, soon succeeded in re-establishing himself, and held the government for another short period, when he was finally deposed, and the young king agam obtained the control of state affairs. He was at this time only twelve years of age, and was assisted by a council of twelve nobles. Once more great rejoicings were mani- fest throughout the land. All parties hailed the event as the inauguration of a new asra, and to all it seemed to bring the prospects of power and prosperity. Pres- byterians relied on the earh' training of the prince ; Ro- manists on the descendency of the young ruler, and, re- garding his mother as in some sense a martyr to their cause, supposed that it would naturally enough influ- ence James to incline to, if not openly espouse Roman- ism. The pope wrote pleasant letters to the young monarch, and Jesuits were dispatched with all haste to serve, in the garb of Puritans, the cause of Rome. The greater, then, was the discontent among his Roman Catholic subjects when James show-ed predilections for the Presbyterian Church. Shortly after his accession, the "Book of Policy," which up to our day remains the guide of the Scottish Church in ecclesiastical gov- ernment and other affairs of a similar nature, was issued. Another very important step taken was the publication of a confession of faith by the General Assembly, which the king approved and swore to (comp. Sack, Church i<f Scotland, ii, 5 sq.). New presbyteries were estalilished throughout the realm, and it seemed as if the I'uiitans were to be the only favorites, when, on a sudden, by a successful cons]iiracy of a party of nobles, James was imprisoned, with the endeavor to force him to more fa- vorable actions in behalf of his Roman Catholic sub- jects. The whole affair is known in English history as the "Raid of Ruthven." A counterplot in 1583 se- cured the freedom of the monarch, but from henceforth a new policy was inaugurated, in which he was wholly controlled by the nobles of his court. In 1584 five resolutions were published, known as the " black resolu- tions," which aimed at the total abrogation of the Pres-