James I was a voluminous writer, and, though he was far from deserving the surname which the fiattery of his contemporaries accorded him, " Solomon the Sec- ond," he was certainly not wholly destitute of literary ability, and, had he pursued a literarj^ life instead of governing a state, it is barely possible that he might have earned a much higher position among his fellow- beings. It brings to mind the prophetic utterance of his tutor, that James was better fitted to be a scholar than a ruler. The writings of James which deserve mention here are, Fruitfid Meditation upon a part of
JAMES II 764
the Revelation of St. John (Lond.1588) •.—Dmnonolofjia, a dialogue in three books in defence of the belief in Witches (Lond. 1597, 4to) ; and yet the king withal hes- itated not to punish his subjects for a like faith :— Ba- mXiKov Aiopov; instructions to his son Henry (who died Nov. G, 1612), in which James laid down his opin- ions on the power of the throne over the State and Church, and which, for the doctrines it contained on Church government, was censured as libellous Tjy the Synod of St. Andrew's (Lond. 1599) : — Triplici Nodo Tri- plex Cum'ug, an apology for the oath of allegiance that James exacted of his Eoman Catholic subjects, which was answered by cardinal Bellarmine, and produced a long controversy and many other publications on both sides, for an account of which, see a note by Dr. Birch in the Appendix to Harris's Life of James: — Protesta- tio .\iiiii;,i:<ti,i. in qua rex suani exponit sententiam de coifiiili riitnndii (irdinum effectu et acfis in coMsa Vorstii (London, l(il2 ), the successor of Arminius as professor of divinity at the University of Leyden, whom he accused of heresy [see Vorstius], etc. A complete edition of his works was published in folio (London, 1616), and a Latin translation by bishop Momitague in 1619. A more complete edition was published at Frankfort-on- the-J\Iain in folio in 1689. He is also said to have writ- ten a metrical version of the Psalms, completed up to the 31st Psalm (Oxf. 1631, 12mo). See James "Wclwood, Memoirs of the most material Triin,-'iicti(iiis in Euijlnnd for the last 100 Years prernlii,,/ thr U, i;,hitii,ii (Lnndon, 1700, 8vo) ; Peyton, Dinitc ( ■(ifaMmpli,- ,f thr kiuiih/ Family of the Ifouse of Stuart (1731, 8vo) ; Wils.ni, Life and Re.ign of King James I (1653, fol., anti reiirinteil in Bp. Rennet's Complete HUtonj, vol. ii); Lingard, //isfori/ of En'/l(ind, vols, viii and ix ; Baxter, Ch. Hist. ch. xiii ; Collier, Krcles. Hist. ; HaUam, Constit. Hist, (see Index) ; Raumer, Gesch. v. Europe, vol. v; Rudloff, Gesch. d. Re- formation in Schottland, vol. i; Soame, Klizabethean His- torij, p. 515 sq.; Skeats, Histon/ of the Free Churches of Endiind. p. 85 sq. ; Hunt (the Rev. John), Relir/ious ThoHfihl ill /•.V""f''(Lond.l870,8vo),vol.l,ch. iian'diii;
JAIMES II
Enfi^h
, ; Her20g,i?e«;-£rt(?yWq/}. vi, 381 sq.
See E.Mii.AM) (^CiiuKCH ok); Puritans. (J. H.W.)
James II of England and VH of Scotland, son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, was born October 1.5, 1633. In 1643 he was created duke of York. In 1648, during the civil war, which resulted in the decapita- tion of his father, he made his escape to Holland, and thence to I'rance, where his mother resided. The early education of tlie duke of Yotk had, by the wish of his father, been intrusted to Protestants, laut his mother, a bigoted Romanist, now improved her opportunity, and the young prince was surrounded by Roman Catholic influences, and, to be more readily inclined to Popery, was assured that the unfortunate end of his father was due only to his strict adherence to Protestantism, and that no prince could hold the reins of government suc- cessfully who was not supported by Rome. In 1652 he entered the French army under general Turenne, and served in it until the peace concluded with Cromwell (Oc- tober, 1655) obliged James to quit the territory of Louis XIV. lie was then offered a position in the army of Spain, which he accepted. At the Restoration (May, 1660) he returned to England, and was immediately made lord higli admiral of England. In the ensuing wars with Holland (1G6U1672), which are gencrallv supposed to have been instigated by this prince and hi's brotlier for the especial purpose of crushing the Dutch as a Protestant people, and to disable them from inter- fering with the re-establishment of popery in England, to which tiiey themselves inclined, he twice commanded the English fleet, and was eminently successfid. In 1660 he married Anne, daughter of lord'chancellor Hyde, and the reason generally assigned for this act is that the lady was far gone with child when the marriage was contracted. But she lived only a few years (siie died March 31, 1671). suffering, it is supposed, from neglect, if not the positive ill-usage of her husband, who' not-
withstanding his professions of zeal for religion, in- dulged in a large share of the reigning licentiousness, and kept a mistress almost from the date of his mar- riage. A few months before her death the duchess had signed a declaration of her reconciliation to the ancient religion (Romanism, of course), and shortly afterward the duke also publicly avowed his conversion to popery, an act which, although his concealed incUnations had been long suspected, did not fail to create a great sen- sation, especially as, from his brother's want of issue, he was now looked upon as Charles's probable succes- sor to the throne of England. On the passage, in the beginning of 1673, of the Test Act, which required all officers, civil and military, to receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Established Church, the duke was, of course, obliged to resign the com- mand of the fleet and the office of lord high admiral. These duties were, however, assigned to a board of com- missioners, consisting of his friends and dependants, so that he still virtually remained at the head of the navai affairs. On Nov. 21, 1673, he married again ; this time a Roman Catholic princess, JIary Beatrix Eleanora, daughter of Alphonso IV, duke of Modena, a lady then onh^ in her fifteenth year.