Jeromites. See IIieronymites.
Jerubb'aal (Heb. YenMa'al, ^?3"T;', contender with Baal; comp. Isiibaal; Sept. "Itpo/3««X\ a sur- name of Gideon (q. v.), the judge of Israel, given him in consequence of his overthrow of the idol (Judg. vi, 32; vii, 1 ; viii, 29, .S5; ix, 1, 2, 5, 16, 19, 24, 28, 57; 1 Sam. xii, 11). ''The name Jerubbaal appears in the Grrecized form o^ Hitromhd (ItpofiliaXoc) in a fragment of Philo-Byblius preserved by Eusebius (Pra-p. Kcan;/. i, 9) ; but the identity of name does not authorize us to conclude that it is Gideon who is there referred to. In the Palmyrene inscriptions, 'Inpi'/SoAoc ajjpears as the name of a deity (Gescnius, Monum. Ph(enic. p. 229 ; Mo- vers, Phunicier, i, 434)" (Kitto). Josephus omits all ref- erence to the incident {Ant.v, 6). See jERUBBESHKTit.
Jerub'besheth (Heb. Yerubbe'sheth, Twja"!^, cotir
JERUEL
836
JERUSALEM
tender with the shame, i. e. idol; compare Ishbosiieth ; Sept. 'Itpo^daX), a surname (probably to avoid men- tioning the name of a false god, Exod. xxiii, 13) of Gid- eon (q. v.), the Israelitish judge, acquired on account of his contest with the idolatry of Baal (2 Sam. xi, 21). See .Jerubb.v^vl.
Jeru'el (Heb. Yeruel', 'b}f;'^'-(^, founded by God, oth- envise./frt/- of God; compare Jekiel; Sept. Ifpii'jA), a desert ("i2'l^,i. e. open common) mentioned in the pre- diction by Jahaziel of Jehoshaphat's victory over the Moabites and Ammonites, where it is described as being situated on the ascent from the valley of the Dead Sea towards Jerusalem, at the foot of the valley leading to- wards the cUff Ziz (1 Chron. xx, IG). The " desert" was probably so called as adjoining some town or village of the same name. From the context it appears to have lain beyond the wilderness of Tekoa (ver. 20), in the di- rection of Engedi (ver. 2), near a certain watch-tower overlooking the pass (ver. 24). It appears to corre- spond to the tract el-Hussusah, sloping from Tekoa to the precipice of Ain-Jidy, described by Dr. IJobinson as fertile in the north-western part (Researches, ii, 212), but Sterile as it approaches the Ghor (p. 243), and forming part of the Desert of Judrea. The invading tribes, hav- ing marched round the south of the Dead Sea, had en- camped at Engedi. The road thence to Jerusalem as- cends from the shore by a steep and " terrible pass" (\Valcott, Bib. Sac. i, 09), and thence leads northward, passing below Tekoa (Robinson, Bib. Res. i, 501, 508), The valley (" brook," ver. 16), at the end of which the enemy were to be found, was probablj' the wady Jehar, which, with its continuation wady el-Ghar, traverses the southern part of this plateau (Robinson's Hes. ii, 185) ; and its upper end appears to have been the same through which the triumphant host passed on their re turn, and named it Berachaii (q. v.), i. e. blessing, in commemoration of the victory (ver. 26),
Jeru'salem (Heb. 'd^^:j^'^^'^^,Yerllshala'^m,i\\\\y [in 1 Chron. iii, 5 ; 2 Chron. xxv, 1 ; Esth. ii, 6 ; Jer. xxvi, 18] cb'^ll^ Yerushala'yim [with final n directive, "^^■V^^% 1 K'"SS X, 2; fully n^''V^!n% 2 Chron. xxxii, 9]; Chald. cbun';' or ClV:J!l-i% Yerushelem' ; Syr. Urishlem; Gr. 'liciov(7a\i)fi or [r«] 'lfpo(ToXj;jU« [Gen, -vnwv] ; Latin J/ierosoli/mn), poetically also Sa- lem (abd, Shalem'), and once Ariel (q. v.) ; original- ly Jebus (q. V.) ; in sacred themes the " Citj' of God," or the "Holy City" (Neh. xi, 1, 16; Matt, iv, 5), as in the modern Arab, name el-Khiids, the Holy (comp. Itpo- TToKic, Philo, Ojyp. ii, 524) ; once (2 Chron. xxv, 28) the "city of Judah." The Heb. name is a dual form (see Gesenius, Lehrg. p. 539 sq. ; Ewald, Krif. Gramm. p. 332), and is of disputed etymology (see Gesenius, Thes. Ileb. p. G28; Rosenmliller, .Alfherth. II, ii, 202; Ewald, /«r. Gesch. ii, 584), but probably signifies possession ofj^eace (q. d. Cba-d*l"l';> [rather than O^d ^1% i. e. founda- tion of peace, as preferred by Gesenius and Filrst]), the dual referring to the two chief mountains (Zion and Mo- riah) on which it was built, or the two main parts (the Upper and the Lower City, i. e. Zion and Acra). It has been known under the above titles in all ages as the Jewish caj^ital of Palestine.
I. ///."t/ory.— This is so largely made up of the history of Palestine itself in different ages, and of its successive rulers, that for minute details we refer to these (see es- pecially JuDyKA) ; we here present only a general sur- vey, chiefly condensed from the account in'lvitto's Cy- clopwdia.
1. This city is mentioned verj' early in Scripture, be- ing usually supposed to be the Salem of which Mel- chizedek was king (Gen. xiv, 18). B.C. cir. 2080. Such was the opinion of the Jews themselves ; for Josephus, who calls i\[elchimlek king of Solyma (2o\j»^a), ob- serves that this name was afterwards changed into Hi- erosolyma {A iU. i, 10, 3), All the lathers of the Church,
Jerome excepted, agree with Josephus, and understand Jerusalem and Salem to indicate the same place. The Psalmist also says (Ixxvi, 2), " In Salem is his taber- nacle, and his dwelling-place in Zion." See Salem.
The mou^ntain of the land of Moriah, which Abraham (Gen. xxii, 2) reached on the third day from Beersheba, there to offer Isaac (B.C. cir. 2047), is, according to Jo- sephus (.4?i^ i, 13, 2), the mountain on which Solomon afterwards buUt the Temple (2 Chron. iii, 1), See Mo- riah.