(3.) The longest and deepest of the vaUeys outside the walls was the Valley of Jehoshaphat, which ran along the entire eastern and north-eastern side, forming the bed of the brook Kedron. Bespecting the identity of this, the modern name leaves no room for dispute. See Jehoshaphat, Valley or.
(4.) On the south side ran the Valley ben-IIinnom (i.
JERUSALEM
846
JERUSALEM
e. "son of Hinnom"), corrupted in our Saviour's time into (iehenna, and anciently styled Tophet. Of this also the modern name is still the same. See Gehenna.
(5.) On the west, forming the northern continuation of the last, was what has acquired the appellation of the Vallei/ of Gihon, from the pools of that name situated in it. See Gihon.
(C.) Streams.— Oi these none were perennial, but only brooks formed by the winter rains that collected in the valleys and ran oif at the south-eastern corner towards the bead Sea. The brook Kedron was the principal of these, and is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments (2 Sam. xv, 23; John xviii, 1), and by Jo- sephus ( War, v, 2, 3), as lying between the city and the Mount of Olives. See Kedron.
(D.) Fountains. — (1.) En-rogel, first mentioned in Josh. XV, 7, 8, as a point in the boundary-line of Judah, on the south side of the hill Zion. It is generally iden- tified with the deep well still found at the junction of the valleys of Hinnom and Jehoshaphat, and currently knowi as the well of Joab or Nehemiah. It is evidently the same as that called by Josephus " the fountain in the king's garden" (.In/.vii, 14, 4). Its water is pecid- iar, but no undergi-ound connection has been traced v.ith any other of the fountains. See En-kogel.
"(2.) Siloam or Shiloah is mentioned in the Old and New Testaments, as well as by Josephus, and the last indicates its site at the mourh of the Valley fif Tyropoe- on ( U"«r, V, 4, 1). It is identical with the modern fount of Selwan. See Su,oaji.
(3.) The only remaining one of the three natural springs about Jerusalem is that now known as the Foun- tain of the Virgin (Um ed-Deraj, " the mother of steps"), above the Pool of Siloam. It is intermittent, the over- flow apparently of the Temple supply; and it is con- nected by a passage through the rock with the Pool of Siloam (Robinson, Researches, i, 502 sq.). It is appar- ently the same with the "king's pool" (Neh.ii, 14 ; comp. iii, 16) and "Solomon's Pool" (Josephus, War, v, 4, 2). This we are inclined (with Lightfoot and IJobinson) to identify with the "Poo/ of Bethesda" in John v, 2. See Bethesda.
There are several other wells adjoining the Temple area which have the peculiar taste of Siloam, but wheth- er they proceed from a living spring under Moriah, or are conducted thither bj' the aqueduct from Bethlehem, or come from some distant source, future explorations can alone determine. Some such v.'ell has, however, lately been discovered, but how far it supplies these va- rious fountains has not yet been iiilly determined (Jour. Sac. Lit. April, 1864). See Solomon's Pool.
(E.) Reservoirs, Tanks, etc. — (1.) The Upper Pool of Gihon, mentioned in Isa. vii, 3 ; 2 Chron. xxxii, 30, etc., can be no other than that now found in the northern part of the valley at the west of the city. This is prob- ably what is called the "Dragon WtlP by Nehemiah (ii, 13), lying in that direction, Josephus also inciden- tally mentions a " Serpent's Pool" as lying on the north- western side of the city (Hflr, v, 3, 2), which the simi- larity of name and position seems to identify with this. Sec GnioN.
(2.) The Lower Pool {of Gihon), referred to in Isa. xxii, 9, is also probably that situated in the southern part of the same valley. See Pool.
(3.) There still exists on the western side of the city another pool, which is frequently termed the Pool of IJezekiah, on the supposition that it is tlie one intended to hold the water which that king is said (2 Kings xx, 20 ; 2 Chron. xxii, 30) to have brought down to the city by a conduit from the upper ]iool. It is to this day so connected by an aqueduct, which renders the identifica- tion probable. But it docs not follow (as some argue) that this pool was within the second wall in the time of Christ, if, indeed, it ever lay strictly within the city; the statements above referred to only show that it Avas designed as a reser\-oir for supplying the inhabitants, especially on Mount Zion, v.itliiu the Ijounds of which
it could never have been embraced. This pool is per- haps also the same as one mentioned by Josephus, under the title of Ami/ydalon, as opposite the third of the " banks" raised by Titus ( War, v, 11,4). He there lo- cates it " a great way off" from Antonia, yet " on the north quarter" of the city; and a more suitable place for an assault coidd not have been selected, as it was in the corner where the three walls joined, being evidently within the outer one, and in front of the inner one (yet to be taken), but not necessarily within the middle wall (which had been taken and demolished). See Heze- KiAii's Pool.