(4.) Josephus also mentions a deep trench which was dug on the north of the tower Antonia for its defence ( War, V, 4, 2). The western part of this seems to have been filled up during the siege, in order to prepare a way for the approach of the Koman engines first to the tower and afterwards to the Temple wall (Il'«r, v, 11, 4 ; vii, 2, 7). The eastern portion still exists, and ap- pears to have been wider and deeper than elsewhere (being uninclosed by the wall), forming, indeed, quite a receptacle for rain-water. This pit we ai-e inclined to identify with the pool Striithiiis, which Josephus locates at this spot (Wai;Y, 11, 4). In modern times it has often been assigned as the site of the Pool of Bethesda, but this can hardly be correct. What is now known as the pool of Bethesda is perhaps a reservoir built in the pit from which Herod quarried the stone for reconstruct- ing the Temple.
(5.) Of aqueducts, besides the two already mentioned as supplying respectively the pools of Siloam and Heze- kiah, there still exists a long subterranean conduit that brings water from the pools of Bethlehem (attributed to Solomon) ; which, ]iassing along the south-western side of the Valley of Hinnom, then crossing it above the low- er pool, and winding around the northern brow of Zion, at last supplies one or more v/ells in the western side of the mosque inclosure. This is undoubtedly an ancient work, and can be no other than the aqueduct which tlic Talmud speaks of (as we shall see) as furnishing the Temple ^vith an abundance of water. It was probably reconstructed by Pilate, as Josephus speaks of " aiiue- ducts whereby he brought water from the distance of 400 [other editions read 300, and even 200] furlongs" {War, ii, 9, 4). (See below, water supply of modern Jerusalem.)
2. Respecting the ancient vails, with their rjates and towei-s, our principal authority must be the description of ancient Jerusalem furnished by Josephus ( War, v, 4, 2), to which allusion has so often been made. The only other account of any considerable fulness is contained in Nehemiah's statement of the portions repaired under his superintendence (ch. iii). Besides these, and some in- cidental notices scattered in other parts of these authors and in the Bible generally, there are left us a few ruins in particidar places, which we may combine with the natural points determined above in making out the cir- cuit and fortifications of the city. (See beloAv, fortifica- tions of the city.)
(F.) The First or Old Wall. — Josephus's account of this is as follows: "Beginning on the north from the tower Hippicus (so called), and extending to the Xystus (so called), thence touching the council-[house], it join- ed the v.-estern cloister of the Temple; but in tlie other direction, on the west, beginning from the same tower, and extending through the place Bethso (so called) to the gate of the Esscnes, and thence on the south turn- ing above the fountain Siloam, and thence again bend- uig on the east to the Pool of Solomon, and reaching as far as a certaui place which they call Ophla, it joined the eastward cloister of the Temple." It was defended by sixty towers {ibid. § 3), probablj- at equal distances, and of the same average dimensions (but probably some- what smaller than those of the outer wall), exclusive of the three towers specially described.
(1.) On the north side it began at the Tou-er of Hip- picus. This has been with great probability identified
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with the site of the present citadel or Castle of David, at the north-western corner of Zion. Tliis tower is stated by Josephus to have been 25 cubits (about 45 feet square), and solid to the height of 30 cubits (War, V, 4, 3). At the north-western corner of the modern citadel is a tower 45 feet square, cut on three sides to a great height out of tlie solid rock, which (with Mr.Wil- liams) we think can be no other than Ilippiciis. Tliis is probably the tower at the Valley Gate mentioned in 2 Chron. xxvi, i). Sec Ilii'i'icrs.
(2.) Not far from Hipi)icns, on the same wall, Josephus places the Tower of rimsaelus, with a solid base of 40 cubits (aliout 73 feet) square as well as high {ibid.). To this the tower on the north-eastern corner of the modern citadel so nearly corresponds (its length being 70 feet, and its breadth now shortened to 5G feet, the rest hav- ing probably been masonry), that they cannot well be regarded as other than identical.
(3.) Not far from this again, Josephus locates the Tower of Mariamne, 20 cubits (about 36 feet) square and high (ibid.). This we incline (with ]\Ir. Williams) to place about the same distance east of Phasaelus.
(4.) The Gate GeniKith {}. e. " garden"), distinctly stated by Josephus as belonging to the first wall ( War, v, 4, 2), apparently not far east of JIariamne. The arch now known by this name, near tlie south end of the bazaars, evidently is comparatively recent. 8ec Gennatii.
Modern "Gate of Geiinath," explored by Lieutenant War- ren in his excavations at Jei-usalein. (From Tracing of Feb. 1, 1S6T, of the "Palestine Exploration Fund.")
(5.) There is another "obscure gate" referred to by Josephus, as lying near Hippicus, through which the Jews made a sally upon the Komans ( War, v, 6; vi, 6). This could not have been on the north side, owing to the precipice. It must be the same as that through which he says elsewhere (ibid, vii, 3) water was brouglit to the tower Hippicus, evidently from the Upper and Lower Pools, or from Siloam. It can therefore only be located just south of Hippicus. It appears to be iden- tical with that mentioned in the Old Testament as the ]'(i/fr'// Gate i_Neh. iii, i:?; compare 2 Cliron. xxvi, 9; xxiii. \\\