The ordinary means taken by the inhabitants to se- cure a supply of water have been described under the article Cistern; for interesting details, see Kaumer's Puliistina, p. 329-333; Robinson's Researches, i, 479- 516; Olin's Travels, ii, 168-181; and Williams's IIoli/ City, ii, 453-502.
3. We present in this connection some additional re- marks on t\\& fortifications of the citj'. Dr. Robinson thinks that the wall of the new city, the/Elia of Hadri- an, nearly coincided Avith that of the present Jerusalem ; and the portion of Mount Zion which now lies outside would seem then also^to have been excluded ; for Euse- bius and Cyril, in the 4th century, speak of the denun- ciation of the prophet being fulfilled, which describes Zion as "a ploughed field" (Mic. iii, 2).
In the Middle Ages there appear to have been two gates on each side of the city, making eight in all; a number not greatly short of that assigned in the above estimate to the ancient Jerusalem, and probably occu- pying nearly the places of the most important of the ancient ones.
On the west side were two gates, of which the prin- cipal was the Porta David, gate of David, often men- tioned by the writers on the Crusades. It was called by the Arabs Bab el-Mihrah, and corresponds to the present Jafta-gate, or Bub el-Klndil. The other was the gate of the Fuller's Field {Porta Villa: Fullonis), so called from Isa. vii, 3. This seems to be the sam,e which others call Porta Judiciaria, and which is described as being in the wall over against the church of the Holy Sepulchre, leading to Silo (Ncby Samwil) and Gibeon. This seems to be that which the Arabian writers call Serb. There is no trace of it in the present wall.
On the north there were also two gates, and all the Middle- Age writers speak of the principal of them as the gate of St. Stephen, from the notion that the death of the protomartyr took place near it. This was also called the gate of Ephraim, in reference to its probable ancient name. Arabic writers called it Bab '.1 mud el- Ghnrab, of which the present name, Bab el-\Amud, is only a contraction. The present gate of St. Stephen is on the east of the city, and the scene of the martyrdom is now placed near it; but there is no account of the change. Further east was the gate of Benjamin {Porta Bevjaminis), corresponding apparently to what is now called the gate of Herod.
On the east there seem to have been at least two gates. The northernmost is described by Adamnanus as a small portal leading down to the Valley of Jehosh- aphat. It was called the gate of Jehoshaphat from the valley to which it led. It seems to be represented by the present gate of St. Stephen. The Arabian writers call it Bab el-Usbat, gate of the Tribes, being another form of the modern Arabic name Bab (s-Siibat. The present gate of St. Stephen has four lions sculptured over it on the outside, which, as well as the architec- ture, show that it existed before the present walls. Dr. Robinson suggests that the original " small portal" was rebuilt on a larger scale bv the Franks when thev built
up the walls of the city,
The other -ate is thr tain.
either in A.D. 1 1
rS or 1239. '/■/(( aureu)
Intetinr of the " Golden Gate." in the eastern w-all of the Temple area. It is now called by the Arabs Bub ed-Duhcnii/eh, but formerly Bub c?- Rameh, '" Gate of Mercy." The name Golden Gate ap- pears to have come from a supposed connection witJi one of the ancient gates of the Temple, which are said to have been covered with gold ; but this name cannot be traced back beyond the historians of the Crusades. This gate is, from its architecture, obviously of Roman origin, and is conjectured to have belonged to the indo- sure of the temple of Jupiter which was built by Hadrian upon Mount Moriah. The exterior is now walled up; but, being double, the interior forms within the area a recess, which is used for prayer by the Moslem worship- per. Diiferent reasons are given for the closing of this gate. It was probably because it was found inconven- ient that a gate to the mosque should be open in the exterior wall. Although not walled up, it was kept chised even when the Crusaders were in possession of the city, and only opened once a year, on Palm Sunday, in celebration of our Lord's supposed triumphal entry through it to the Temple.
Of all the towers with which the city was anciently adorned and defended, the most important is that of Hippicus, which Josejihus, as we have already seen, as- sumed as the starting-point in his description of all the walls of the city. Herod gave to it the name of a friend who was slain in battle. It was a quadrangular structure, twenty-five cubits on each side, and built up entirely solid to the height of thirty cubits. Above this solid part was a cistern twenty cubits; and then, for twenty-five cubits more, were chambers of various kinds, with a breastwork of two cubits, and battlements of three cubits upon the top. The altitude of the whole tower was consequently eighty cubits. The stones of which it was built were very large, twenty cubits long by ten broad and five high, and (probably in the upper part) were of white maible. Dr. Robinson has shown that this tower should be sought at the north-west cor- ner of the upper city, or IMount Zion. This part, a lit- tle to the south of the Jaffa-gate, is now occupied Ly the citadel. It is an irregular assemblage of square towers, surrounded on the inner side towards the city by a low wall, and having on the outer or west side a deep fosse. The towers which rise from the brink of the fosse are protected on that side by a low sloping bi'.lwark or buttress, which rises from the bottom of the trench at an angle of forty-five degrees. This part bears evident marks of antiquity, and Dr. Robinson is inclined to ascribe these massive outworks to the time of the rebuilding and fortifying of the city by Hadrian. This fortress is described by the ]Middlc-Age historians as the tower or citadel of David. Within it, as the traveller enters the city by the Jaffa-gate, the north- eastern tower attracts his notice as bearing evident marks of higher antiquity than any of the others. The