JERUSALEM CREED. The early churches of the sacred city are now generally acknowledged to have had a creed of their own, which some believe to have been the production of Cyril of Jerusalem, while others claim that it originated before his time. It has been preserved in the catechetical discourses of Cyril, and reads as follows : " I believe in one God, the Father Al- mighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible; and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; very God by whom all things ^vero made, who was incarnate and made man, crucified and buried, and the third day ascended into the heavens, and sat down at the right hand of the Father, and is coming to judge quick and dead. And in the Holy Ghost, the Paraclete, who spake by the prophets ; and in one holy catholic Church ; and resurrection of the flesh ; and in life everlasting," See lAbrar;/ of the Fathers (Oxford transl,1838), ii.52sq.; Wiixne, I'alrolor/ia Grfcca, y.x\in, 505 sq. ; Riddle. Christian A ntiquities, p. 474.
JERUSALEM, FRIENDS OF, is the name of a fa- natical sect ill Wiirtembcrg who claim it to be the duty of the believers of the Bible to rebuild the Temple at Jerusalem, and to congregate there, according to Ezek. xl and sq.
JERUSALE:M, knights of. The possession of Jerusalem by a Christian power during the period of the Latin kings (see above, histor;/ of .femsalcm), gave birth to the two great orders of knighthood, that of the Temjile, and that of St. John of Jerusalem ; the former of which was distributed throughout Europe, and the latter — known also under the name of Knights Hospi- tallers (q. V.) — first fixed themselves at Rhodes, and af- terwards dwindled down into the little society of the Knights of Alalia (q. v.). The Teutonic order sprung up ai Acre in 1191, and its grand masters, who became hereditary, were the ancestors of tlie house of Branden- burg and the kings of Prussia. See Tejiplars.
JERUSALEM, NEW. the symbolic name of the Chris- tian Church; also called "the Bride, the Lamb's wife"
JERUSALEM
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JERUSALEM
(Rev. xxi, 2-21 ; iii, 12). The apostle, from the siitn- mit of a high mountain, beheld, in a ]iictorial symbol or scenic representation, a city resplendent with celes- tial brightness, which seemed to descend from the heav- ens to the earth. It was built upon terraces, one rising above another, each terrace having its distinct wall sup- porting or encirchngit: and thus, although each wall was only lH cubits = 252 feet high, the height of the whole city was equal to its diameter. This was stated to be a square of about 400 miles; or 12,000 stadia =; about IGOO miles in circumference— of course a mystical number, denoting that the city was capable of holding almost countless myriads of inhabitants. In its general form, the symbolic city presents a striking resemblance to that of the new city in Ezek. xl-xlviii. The picto- rial symbol must be regarded as the representation not of a place or state, but of the Church as a societj/, the " body of Christ" (Eph. v, 23-30 ; Gal. iv, 26). As Je- rusalem and Zion are often used for the inhabitants and faithful worshippers, so the new Jerusalem is emblemat- ical of the Church of God, part on earth and part in heaven. To suppose tlie invisible world to be exclu- sively referred to would deprive the contrast between the Law and the Gospel economy, Sinai and Zion, of its appositeness and force. jMoreover, the distinction be- tween " the general asseml)ly of the enrolled citizens," and " the spirits of the just made perfect" (Heb. xii, 22- 24), can be explained only by interpreting the former of the Church militant, or the body of Christ on earth, and the latter of the Church triumphant in heaven. Thus we see why the New Jerusalem was beheld, like Jacob's ladder, extending from earth to heaven. See Ziox.
JERUSALEM, NEW, CHURCH. See New-Jf.ku-
SALEJI ClIUKCIT.
JERUSALEM, PATRIARCHATE OF. See Patri- archate OF Jerusalem.
JERUSALEM, the new SEE of St. Jajies in. The city, sacred alike to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Turk, never felt the influence of Protestant teachings until the opening of the present jera, and, strange to say, the des- titute condition of the Jews first caused the appoint- ment of two missionaries to Palestine. These were sent in 1818 by the North American Missionary Society, of iJoston. In Europe, no action was taken until 1832 : in tliis year the London Jewisli ^Missionary Society also entered the field. In 1840, at last, the expedition of the great European Powers to the East gave rise to the hope that, though Protestantism might not immediate- ly secure a strong foothold, the power of the Moham- medans at least would be broken, and an opening be made for Christian influences on the inhabitants of the sacred land. The great ambition of king Frederick William IV. of Prussia was to establish a Protestant bishopric in the holy city ; and when, at the ratification (July 1.5, 1840) of the treaty between the Christian and Slussulman Powers, he failed to obtain the desired sup- port for Ills proposition in favor of entire religious liber- ty for Eastern Christians, he dispatched a special embas- sy to the queen of England, the archbishop of Canter- burj', and the bishop of London (recognising in them the spiritual heads of the English Cluirch), and pro- posed a plan for these two groat Protpstant nations — Prussia and England— to establish and sujiport in com- mon a Protestant bishopric in Jerusalem, which should be equally shared in (i. e. alternately) bv both the Ger- man Evangelical and the Anglican churches. « It was anticipated," says Dr. Hagenbach {Church Hist. ISth and 19//! Ceil/, ii, 397 sq.), "that by this means Protestant- ism would be more firmly estaidished, and an important centre formed for missionary labors. While Prussia had formally united with England in the attainment of great ecclesiastical ends, it now seemed that England, by the position which Providence had given her, was adapted to the realization of this plan ; and the influ- ence which she had gained as a European Power in the East and in Jerusalem, encouraged the liope without.