while it was inwardly strengthened by the fixed forms of her ecclesiastical character, and by the halo of her episcopal dignity." Of course, people differed in their opinion concerning the proposition. There were many eminent German theologians who doubted the wisdom of afiiliating with the English Church, which they de- cried as one of exterior formalism, etc., while, amongst the English, many hesitated to cast in their lot with German rationalistic divines. But the plan was, after all, adopted by the higher clergy of England, as well it might be, for it secured to them not only the first se- lection, but Prussia also stipulated that the bishopric to be formed at the Chiu-ch of St. James, in Jerusalem, should be after the plan of the Established Church in England, and that the stationed bishop, though he be a German, should receive his appropriate consecration at the hands of the primate of the Anglican Church (the archbishop of Canterbury), and subscribe to the 39 arti- cles of the Establishment. The plea which the English clergy made on its adoption was that it gave rise to the hope of bringing about by this means a reconciliation between the two denominations : the archbishop even expressed, on the occasion, the hope that this would lead I to " a unity of discipline as well as of doctrine between our own Church and the less pejfectii/ constituted of the Protestant churches of Europe." The endowment of the bishopric was fixed at £30,000 sterlmg, to insure the bishop a yearly income of £1200. The bishop was to be named alternately by England and Prussia, the pri- mate of England, however, havdng the right to veto the nomination of the latter. The protection to be afforded to- the German Evangelists is provided for by the ordi- nances of 1841-2, containing the following specifications : 1st. The bishop will take the German congregation un- der his protection, and afford them all the assistance in his power. 2d. He will be assisted by competent Ger- man ministers, ordained according to the ritual of th« Church of England, and required to yield him obedi- j ence. 3d. The liturgy is to be taken from the received litiu^gies of the Prussian Church, carefully revised by the primate. 4th. The rite of confirmation is to be ad- ministered according to the form of the English Church. I In the mean while, an act of Parliament, under date of I Oct. 5, 1841, decided that persons could be consecrated j bishops of the Church of England in foreign countries I without thereby becoming subjects of the crown, but i that such would also take the oath of allegiance to the j archbishop, in order that they, and such deacons and' ministers as they might ordain, may have the right to fulfil the same fimctions in England and Irelanil. In consequence. Dr. 3I'Caul,_of Ireland, having declined the appointment, Dr. Michael Salomon Alexander, professor of Hebrew and Rabbinical literature at Christ's College, London, a converted Jew, and formerly a Prussian sub- ject (having been bom in Polish Prussia in 1799), was made first incumbent of the new bishopric. He died Nov. 23, 1845, near Cairo. His successor was Samuel Gobat, of Cremine, canton Berne, a student of the Basle jMission House, nominated by Prussia, and experienced for missionary labors by his residence in Abyssinia. Since then, the news from Jerusalem has been gratify- ing. Jan. 21, 1849, a neAvly-created Evangelical church, called Christ Church, situated on Mount Zion, was dedi- cated. The Gospel is preached there in Hebrew, En- glish, German, French, Spanish, and Arabic. Belonging to it are a burial-ground; a school attended by the chil- dren of Jews, Mohammedans, and different Christian denominations ; a hospital for the Jews, in which they have an opportunity of hearing the Scriptures; a hos- pital for proselytes, etc., which is attended to by deacon- esses ; a house of industry for proselytes, and an indus- trial school for -Jewish females. The number of Jewish converts averages from seven to nine annually. In con- sequence of the firman granting to Protestants the same rights as are possessed by other churches, they have es- tablished small schools in Bethlehem, Jafifa, Nablus, and I Nazaretli.
JERUSALEM
863
JESIIOIIAIAII
For accurate accounts, see Ilerzog, Beal-EncijUop. vi, 603 sq. ; Abeken, Dm eru7i(jdische Jiisthum in Jerusuk-zn (Berlin, 1842), (J. H. W.)
Jerusalem, Joijann Fkiedrich Wimiklji, a Ger- man tlieolof^ian — one of the best apologetic and practi- cal theologians of the last century, was born at Osna- briick Nov. 22, 1709, and was educated at the Universities of Leipzig and Wittenlitrg; at the latter lie took his mas- ter's degree. Disinclined to enter the niinistrj', for which he had prepared himself, and too young to enter the ranks of academical instructors, he went to the Low Countries, and studied at Leyden, where he enjoyed the counsels of such men as Albert Schiillcns, I'dcr Bur- man, etc. He sought and secured tlic iVii iid-liip of the leading minds of the different Cliristian drndnunations of Holland, and learned to appreciate men out of the pale of his own band. After his return to his native place, still only twenty-four years old, he received the most flattering oflfers, one of which was a position at the ne\v'ly-created Universitj' of Gottingen, which he in- clined to accept. Fearing that he might not be thor- oughly prepared, he again set out on a journey, this time to spend a year of further preparatory study in England, more especially at London. He there became acquaint- ed with the master theologians of that age and country. Thomas Sherlock, Daniel \\'aterland, Samuel Clarke free- ly admitted the young scholar to their studies, and so interested became he in English theology that he re- mained there three years and declined to go to Gottin- gen. In 1740 he returned to Germany, and was appoint- ed tutor and preacher of prince Charles A\'illiam Ferdi- nand of Brunswick. In 1743 he was appointed provost of the monasteries of St. Crucis and .Egidi; in 1740 he was made abbot of Marienthal, and in 1752 abbot of the convent of Kiddagshauscn, a theological training-school of the Briniswick ministry, with which he remained as- sociated for two scores of years, and in which he labored earnestly to promote especially the religious spirit of the young preachers. Indeed, so well were his labors per- formed, that a late biographer of Jerusalem is found to say that in no small measure the religious spirit of Brunswick of our day is due to the work Avhich he per- formed at this institution. In 1771 he became vice- president of the consistory of Wolfenbi'ittel. In the lat- ter part of his life he ^vas severely afflicted by the suicide of his son (1775), who had gone to 'Wetzlar to practice law. Jerusalem died Sept. 2, 1789. His most important ■work, BetrachfiuHjen ii. d.fornehmsteii Warheiten der Re- li[/ion, written for the instruction of the hereditary prince of Briniswick (Braunsch. 17G8-79, 1785, 1795, 2 vols.), has been translated into most European languages. Of his other works, we notice two collections of sermons (Braunsch. 17 1.')-53, 17.SS-,S0) ; for a full list, see Doring's I), (kuf -;■//, II /.:,,„■.'/,;, 1,1, ,■ ,/. IS (/. 19 Jahrhuuderts; Je- rusalciiis S^lli.-ithhxinijihii (IJraun. 1791). — Herzog, 7?c«?- Encyklop. s. v.; Jticher, (irdehrf. Lex. (Adelung's Adden- da), s. v. ; Dorner, Geschichte der Protest. Theolog. bk. ii, divis. iii, § 1 ; Tholuck, Gesch. des Rationaliwms, pt. i ; Hurst's Ilagenbach, Cli. /list. 18th and IQth Cent, i (see Index) ; Zritschr. hist. Theol. 18G9, p. 530 sq. (J. H. W.)