IV. From Ihe AholUion of the Order until its Restora- tion, 1773-1814. — The suppression of the order in the city of Rome Avas carried through with jiarticular sever- ity by a committee of live cardinals and two prelates, all of them violent enemies of the order. The general, Eicci, his five assistants, and several other Jesuits, were, thrown into prison, where they had to remain for several years. Pius VI confirmed the decree of abolition, and did not dare to release the imprisoned Jesuits; when, finally, they were released, they had to promise to ob- serve silence with regard to their trial. Some of them took the demanded oath, but others refused. The gen- eral, Ricci, had previously died, Nov. 24, 1775, emphat- ically asserting his own and the order's innocence. The brief of abolition was received with great satisfaction in
I Portugal. Spain and Naples were dissatisfied because they wished a bull of excommunication (as a more weighty expression of the papal sentence) instead of a
' brief. In Germany, where the empress JIaria Theresa had long opposed the abolition of the order, the brief was promulgated, but the Jesuits, after laying down the
' habit of the order, were allowed to live togetlier in their former colleges as societies of secular priests. In France the brief was not officially promulgated, and the Jesuits, otherwise so ultra papal in their views of the validity of papal briefs, now inferred from this circumstance that the order had not been abolished in France at aU. In Prussia Frederick II forbade the promulgation of the brief, and in 1775 obtained permission from Pius VI to leave the Jesuits undisturbed. Soon, however, to please the Bourbon courts, the Prussian Jesuits were requested to lay aside the dress of the order, and Frederick Wil- liam II abolished all their houses. In Russia Catha- rine II also forbade the promulgation of the brief, and ordered the Jesuits to continue their organization. The Jesuits reasoned that, since the brief in Rome itself had not been published in due form, they had a right to comply with the imperial request until the brief should be communicated to them by the bishops of the dio- ceses. This official communication was never made, and Clement XIV himself, in a secret letter to the em- press, iiermitted the continuation of the Jesuit colleges in Russia. When the archbishop of llohilev, in 1779, authorized the Jesuits to open a novitiate, Pius VI was prevailed upon by the Bourbon courts to represent the step taken by the Russian bishop as unauthorized; orally, however, as the Jesuits maintain, he repeatedly confirmed what officially he had disowned. Thus the Jesuits attempt to clear themselves from the charge of having disobeyed the pope, by charging the latter with deliberate duplicity. The Russian Jesuits were placed
JESUITS 8
under the vice-generals Czerniewicz (1782-85), Lienkie- wicz (1785-98), and Careii (1799-1802). The brief of Clement XIV was in 1801 repealed by Pius VII, so far as Russia was concerned, and the next superior of the Kussian Jesuits, Gabriel Gruber (1802-5), assumed the title of a general for Russia, and since July 31, 1804, also for Naples. The successor of Gruber, Brzozowski (1805-20), lived to see the restoration of the order by the pope. Soon after (1815) the persecution of the or- der began in Russia; Dec. 20, 1815, they were expelled from St. Petersburg, in 1820 from all Russia. In other countries of Europe the ex-Jesuits had formed societies whicli were to serve as substitutes of the abolished or- der. In Belgium the ex-Jesuits De Broglie and Tour- nely established in 1794 the Society of the Sacred Heart ofjesus, which, after its expulsion from Belgium, cstab lished its centre in Austria. In accordance with the wish of the pope, and through the mediation of arch- bishop jVIigazzi, of Vienna, this society, under the suc- cessor of Tournely (f 1797), father Varin, miited, on April 8, 1799, with the Baccanarists (q. v.), or Fathers of the Faith of Jesus. Under this name Baccanari (or Paccanari), a layman of Trent, had, in union with sev- eral ex-Jesuits, established in 1798 a society in Italy, which, after the union with the Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, made considerable progress in Italy, Prance, Germany, and England. Most of the members hopetl gradually to smooth the way for a reunion with the Jesuits in Russia; but as Baccanari, who in the mean while had become a priest, did not appear to be in sincere sympathy with this project, he was abandon- ed by many members and by whole houses. In 1807 he was even arrested by order of Pius VII, but the French liberated him in 1809, since which year he en- tirely disappears. The last house of the society, that of St. Sylvester, in Rome, joined the restored Jesuits in 1814.
V. Histori/ of the Order from its Restoration in 1814 to 1871. — Soon after his return from the French captiv- ity, Pius VII promulgated (Aug. 7, 1814) the bull Sol- licitudo omnium eccksiarum, by which ha restored the order of the Jesuits for the wliole earth. Father Paniz- zone, in the name of the general of the order, Brozow- ski, wlio resided in Russia, received back from the pope the church Al Gesu, in Rome. When Brozowski died, the order had to pass through a severe trial. The vicar- general, father Petrucci, in union with father Pietroboni, tried to curtail the electoral freedom of the General Con- gregation, and his plans wore supported by cardinal Delia Genga ; but the other members invoked the inter- vention of the pope, and, freedom of' election having been secured, elected as general father Fortis, of Verona (1820-29), who was succeeded by father Roothan, of Amsterdam (1829-53), and father Becks,a Belgian (elect- ed July 2, 1853). Within a few years after the resto- ration the order had again established itself in all parts of Italy. Ferdinand III, in 1815, called them to Mode- na; and the ex-king of Sardinia, Emanuel IV, entered the order in 1815; he died in 1819. The fear which the election of cardinal Delia (Jenga as pope in 1823 caused to the order proved to be ungrounded, for the new pope (Leo XII) was henceforth "the warm patron of the Jesuits, and restored to them the Roman college (1824). They were expelled from Naples and Piedmont in consequence of the revolutionary movements in 1820 and 1«21, but were soon restoreil. In 183G they were ad- mitted to the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, and in Ve- rona cardinal Odesealchi in 1838 entered the novitiate, but died in 1841. General Roothan witnessed the expul- sion of the Jesuits from all Italy, and even from Rome, in 1848, but he lived to sec the'ir restoration in Naples and Rome in 1850. The war of 1859 again destroyed the provinces of Naples and Sicilv; in 1866 also Venice. In Spain, Ferdinand VI I, by decree of Jlay 15, 1815, de- clared the charges which former Spanish governments had made against the Jesuits false. Tiie revolution of 1820 drove them from their houses, and on Nov. 17