0 JESUITS
1822, twenty-five of them were killed ; but when the insiu-rection was in 1824 subdued by the French, the Jesuits returned. In the civil war of 1834 they were again expelled; in INIadrid a fearful riot was excited against them by the report that they had poisoned the wells, and fourteen were massacred. On July 7, 1835, the order was abolished in the Spanish dominions by a decree of the Cortes. Since 1848 they began silently to retiurn, but the law, which had not been repealed, was again enforced against them by the revolution of 18G8, Only in Cuba they remained undisturbed. To Portugal the Jesuits were recalled by Dom jVIiguel in 1829, and in 1832 they received the college of Coimbra, where they numbered the great-grandson of Pombal among their pupils. After the overthrow of Dom Miguel, the laws of Pombal were again enforced against them by Dom Pecko, and ever since they have been excluded from Portugal. In France a number of bishops ex- pressed, immediately after the restoration of the order, a desire to place the boys' seminaries under their charge, and Talleyrand declared himself in favor of their legal restoration, but the king did not consent. Neverthe- less, the number and the influence of the Jesuits stead- ily increased, and they labored with particidar zeal for the restoration of the Church of Rome by means of holding '"missions." They re-established the "congre- gations" among the laymen, and other religious associa- tions. In 1826 they had two novitiates, two residences, and eight colleges, the most celebrated of which was St. Acheul. La jNIennais in vain endeavored to gain the Jesuits for his revolutionary ideas. As all the liberal parties, and even many Legitimists, like count Montlo- sier, united for combating the Jesuits, royal ordinances of July 16, 1828, took from the Jesuits all their schools, and limited the number of pupils in the boys' semina- ries to 20,000. The revolution of July, 1830, dissolved all the houses of the order, and drove aU the members out of France ; but gradually many returned, and Ra- vignan, in I'aris, gained the reputation of being one of the first pulpit orators of his country. On motion of Thiers, the Chamber of Deputies, in 1845, requested the government to abolish the order in France; but the government preferred to send a special ambassador (Rossi) to Rome in order to obtain the suppression of the Jesuits from the pope. Gregory XVI declined to make any direct concessions, but the general of the or- der deemed it best to reduce the number of members in France in order to evade the storm rising against the order. The revolution of 1848, the goverimient of Louis Napoleon, and the revolution of 1870, left them undisturbed, and they were allowed to erect a consider- able number of colleges in the four provinces into which France is divided. In England the Jesuits continued, after the abolition of the order, to live in common. In 1790 they received from Thomas AVcld the castle of Stonyhurst, which soon became one of the most popular educational institutions of the English Roman Catholics. In 1803 they were allowed to join the Russian branch of the order. In Belgium the Fathers of the Faith joined in 1814 the restored order. The Dutch govern- ment expelled the Jesuits, but they returned after the Belgian revolution of 1830, and soon became very nu- merous. The Jesuits who in 1820 had been expelled from Russia, came to Gallicia, and opened colleges at t Tarnopol and Lemberg. Others were called to Hun- ' gary by the archbishop of Colocza, and father Landes made his appearance in Vienna. As they secured the special patronage of the emperor and the imperial fam- ily, they gained a great influence, and were, as in all other countries, regarded by the Liberal party as the most dangerous enemies of religious and civil liberty. They were therefore expelled by the revolution of 1848, but returned again whwi the revolutionary movement was subdued, and received from the Austrian govern- ment in 1857 the theological faculty of the University of Innspruck. To Switzerland eight Fathers of the Faith were in 1805 called from Rome by the govern-
I
JESUITS
871
JESUITS
mcnt of Valais. They soon broke off the connection with Baccanari, and in 1810 were incorporated with tlie society in Kussia. After the restoration of the oriler, they soon established colleges in other Catholic cantons, particularly in Freiburg, Lucerne, and Schwytz. When the government of the canton of Lucerne, on Oct. 24, 1844, resolved to place the episcopal seminary of the city of Lucerne under the charge of the Jesuits, two vohaiteer expeditions (Dec. 1844, and March, 1845) were undertaken for the juirpose of overthrowing the governient of Lucerne, but both were unsuccessfid. As most of the Protestant cantons demanded the expidsion of the Jesuits from the whole of Switzerland, those can- tons which either had called Jesuits to cantonal institu- tions or which patronized them (namely, Lucerne, Uri, iSclnvytz, Unterwalden, Zug, Freiburg, and Valais) strengthened a separate alliance (the '• Sonderbund"), which had already been formed in 1843, and appointed a council of war for the emergency of a civil conflict. In September, 1847, the Federal Diet decreed the disso- lution of the Sonderbund and the expulsion of the Jes- uits, and when the seven cantons refused submission, the Sonderbund war broke out, which, in November, 1847, ended in the defeat of the Sonderbund and the expid- sion of the Jesuits. The revised federal constitution of S^vitzerland forbids the establishment of any Jesuit settlement. From the German States, with the excep- tion of Austria, the Jesuits remained excluded until the revolutionary movements of 1848 established the prin- ciiilc of religious liberty, and gained for them admission to all the states, in particular to Prussia, where they es- tablished in rapid succession houses in IMunster, Pader- born, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Bonn, Coblentz, Treves, and other cities. They gained a considerable influence on the Catholic population in particular by holding numerous missions in all parts of Germany.