JESUS CHRIST
881
JESUS CHRIST
allow this space to his public mission (compare jMann, Three Years vf the Birth umlDeath of Christ, p. IGl; Priestly, Harmony of the Eravfjelists, London, 1774, ii, 4 ; Browne, Ordo Sieclorum, p. (j;54 sq.) ; although, inde- pendently of all the others, Luke vi, 1 {secoml-Jirst Sab- bath) aftbrds indication of a second Passover which Je- sus celebrated during his public career. See SAiiisATH. On the other hand, John's Gospel shows (coinp. Jaco- bi, Ztir Chronol. d. Lebens J. in Ei'ung. Joh. in the Stud. u.Krit. 1838, iv, 845 sq.) that Jesus was not only often- er, but generally in Jucloea (whence he once travelled through Samaria to Galilee, John iv, 4 ; compare his re- turn, Luke xvii, 11), namely, in the holy city Jerusalem (but this difference agrees with the respective designs of the several gospels; see Neander, p. 385 sq.), and in- i'onns us of Jive Jewish festivals wliich Jesus celebrated at Jerusalem. The first, occurring soon after the bap- tism of Jesus (John ii, 13), is a Passover; the second (John v, 1) is called indefinitely "a feast of the Jews" (loprt) tCov 'lovSaiioi') ; the third was the Festival of Tabernacles (John vii, 2) ; the fourth the Feast of Ded- ication (John X, 22) ; and, lastly, the fifth (John xii, xiii) again a Passover : mention is also made (John vi, 4) of still another Passover which Jesus spent in Galilee. Hence it Avould seem that Jesus was engaged some three years (Origen, Coiitni Celsum, ii,p.G7) as a public teach- er ; and if by the " feast" of John v, 1 we are also to understand a Passover (Paulus, Cornm. i, 901 sq. ; Siis- kind, in Bengol's A rchii: i, 182 sq. ; B. Crusius, ad loc. ; Hey^axlh, Chronol. Sacra, p. 114; Robinson, //«r?Kony, p. 193), which, however, is not certain (Liicke, ad loc; Anger, I)e temp, in A ct. Apost. ratione, i, 24 sq. ; Jacobi, uf sup. p. 8G4 sq.), we must assign a period of three and a half years (Eusebius, i, 10,3), as lately SeyfTarth has done (Sununm-i/ of recent Ducoveries in Chronol. N. Y. 1857, |i. 181)), nltliough on the most singular grounds (see Alfonl, ('(uiiiikiiIi/ii/ on John v, 1). Otherwise the evangelists hardly afford more than two years and a few months (see Anger, zit sup. ]). 28 ; Hase, p. 17 sq.) to the public labors of Jesus (see generally Laurbeck, Be an- nis Tninisterii Chr., Altdorf, 1700 ; Kcimer, Quot J'aschata Christus post hnjithn). irlcbraverit, Lips. 1779; Pries, /)? numei-o Pascliniinii t'/ir/sii. Rostock, 1789; Lahode, Be die et anno idt. J'n^cli. I'lrr. Hal. 1749; Marsh's remarks in Michaelis's Introd. ii. 4G sq.). Again, as the apostles were not uninterruptedly in comjiany with Jesus, the time of their proper association with him might be still further reduced somewhat, althougli we can not (with Hiinlein, Be tempoi-is, quo J. C. cum Apostol. veisatiis est, duratione. Erl. ]7n()) assume it to have been barely some nine months. Under these three (or four) Paschal fes- tivals writers have repeatedly endeavored, for historical and particularly apologetic purposes, to arrange all the single occurrences which the first evangelists mention without chronological sequence, and so to obtain a com- plete chronological view of Jesus's entire journeys and teaching. Yet, notwithstanding so great a degree of ingenuity has been expended upon this subject, none of the Gospel Harmonies hitherto constructed can be re- garded as more than a series of historical conjectures, since the narrative of the first three evangelists presents but little that can guide to a measurably certain con- clusion in such an arrangement, and Jolni himself does not ajJi^ear to relate the incidents in strictly chronolog- ical order according to these Passovers (see generally Eichhorn, 7!,'«W. ins N. T. i, G92 sq.). The most impor- tant of these attempts are, Lightfoot.C// ro»2c/e of the O. and X. T. Lond. 1655 ; Dodcbidge, Expositor of the N. T. London, 1739; Hus, J Jarmonia Erant/elistar. ,Jcn. 1727; ]Macknight, Harmony of the four Gospels. London, 175G, Latine fecit notasque adjecit Riickersfelder, Brem. 1772; Bengel, Richt. Hurmonie der 4 Erauffel.Sd edit. Tubing. 1766 ; Newcome, Harmony of the Gospels, Dublin, 1778 ; Paulus, Comment, i, 446 sq. ; ii, 1 sq., 384 sq. ; iii, 82 sq. ; Kaiser, Ueh. die synopt. Zusammenstell. der 4 Evanfj. Nu- remb. 1828; Clausen, Quat. evanr/el.tahulw synopt. sec. ra- tiunem tenqwr. Copenhagen. 1829 ; Wieseler, Chronolog.
IV.— K K K
Synoj-)ge der 4 Eranr;. Hamb. 1843 ; Townsend's Chronol. A rramj. of the N. Test. Lond. 1821, Bost. 1837; Greswell, J/urmo/,ia Erany. Lond. 1830; Robinson, 7/«n«o«y of the Gospels ((ireek), Bost. 1845 (Engl, id.) ; Tischeiidorf, Syno])sis Erawjel. Leipz. 1851; Utrong, Harmony of the Gospels (English), N. Y. 1852 (Greek), ib. 1854 ; Stroud, G7-eek Harmony, Lond, 1853. See Harmonies,
9. Besides the twelve apostles {q. v.), Jesus also chose seventy (q, v.) persons as a second more private order (Luke X, 1 sq.), who have been supposed by some to correspond to some Jewish notion of the seventy nations of the world, inasmuch as Luke shows a tendency to such generalization ; but this number was probably se- lected (see Kuiniil, ad loc.) with reference to the seven- ty elders of the Jews (Numb, xi, 16 sq.), composing the Sanhedrim, just as the twelve apostles represented the twelve tribes of Israel (compare generally Burmann, E.r- ercif. Acad, ii, 95 sq. ; Heumann, Be 70 Christi leyatis, Gotting. 1743). Their traditional names (see Asscmani, Biblioth. Or. Ill, i, 319 sq. : Fabric. Lux, p. 115 sq.), some of which are cited by Eusebius (i, 12), might have some historical ground but for the mani^'cst endeavor to i)lace in tlie illustrious rank of the seventy every consincuous individual of the apostolical age, concerning whom noth- ing positive was known to the contrary. The account of Luke himself lias sometimes been called in question as unhistorical (Strauss, i, 5GG sq. ; Schwegler, Nach- apost. Zeitulter, ii, 45; see, on the other hand, Neander, p. 541 sq.).