The entire number of Jews in the world is reckoned variously at between 3J and 15 millions. Chambers, taking the former estimate, distributes them as follows : about 1,700,000 to Russian, Austrian, and Prussian Poland, about 600,000 to Germany, about 240,000 to Hungary and Transylvania, about 200,000 to Galicia, about 300,000 to Turkey, about 47,000 to Italy, about 30,000 to Great Britain ; Asia, about 138,000 ;" Africa, about 504,000 ; and America, about 30,000. We are in-
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clined to estimate the number of Jews to be no less than nix millions, and of these give to Europe about 4,000,000, and to the United States of America about 500,000. The estimate of Chambers for the United States might be more accurately adopted as the census of the cit}' of New York only. The Ihmdbuch der Vergleichenden Sta- (istik by G. von Kolb (Leipzig, 1868) gives the following as the number of Jews in the countries named :
Gerninny 478,500 Denmark 4,200
Austria 1,1'24,000 Sweden 1.000
Gi-eat Britain 40,000 Greece 600
France S(»,0(tO European Turkey . . TO.OOO
European Russia... 2,277, OOO'Asiatic Turkey and
Italy 20,'20(l! Svria 52,000
Pdrtngal 3,000 Morocco and North
Switzerland 4,200| Africa 610,000
Belgium 1.500 Eastern Asia 500,800
Netherlands 64,000 America 400,000
Luxemburg 1,500|
See Jost, Geschichte iJ. Israelite (since the time of the Maccabees) (Berlin, 1820-29, 9 vols. 8vo), his Neuere Gesch. (Berl. 1846-7, 3 vols. 8vo), and also his Gesch. d. Judenthums v. s. SeL-tf7i (Leipzig, 1857-9, 3 vols. 8vo) ; Ciriltz, Gesch. d. Jiiden (vol. iii-xi ; vols, i and ii, treating of the earliest period of Jewish history, have not yet made their appearance) ; Milman, llistonj of the Jcrrs (London and N.York, new edit., revised and augmented, 1809-70, 3 vols. sm. 8vo) ; Geiger, Judenthum v. s, Gesch. (Lpz. 1864-5, 2 vols. 8vo); Dessauer, Gesch. d. Israeliien (Leipzig, 1845) ; Da Costa, Israel and the Gentiles (Lond. 1850, rimo); Kaiserling, Gesch. der Juden in Portvgal (Lpz. 1859, 8vo) ; Morgoliouth, History ofJev:s in Great Britain (Lond. 1851 , 3 vols. 8vo) ; Capefigue, Hist.philos, des Juifi (Par. 1838) ; Depping, /,?.<! Vj^ys dans le moyen- df/e (Paris, 1834); Etheridge, Jntrod. to IJeh. Literature, (Lond. 1856, 12mo) ; Ilaller, Des Jidfs en France (Paris, 1845) ; Bedanide, Les Jiiifs en lYance, en Jtalie et en Esjxifjne (Paris, 1859) ; Smucker, Hist, of Modern Jeics (N. Y. 1860) ; Beer, Gesch. Lehren u. Meinung. der Juden (Lpz. 1825, 8vo) ; jenks (William), Ilistorn of the Jews (Bost. 1847, 12mo) ; INIills, £?itish .feus, their Religious Ceremonies (Lond. 1862) ; Ockley, History of the present Jews (translated from the Italian of Jeh. Arj. da ]Mode- na, Lond. 1650) ; Schiniding, Die Jnden in Oesierretch, Preussen uml Sachsen (Lpz. 1842) ; Toway, A nglia Ju- duica (Oxf. 1738); Benjamin, Eight Years in Asia and Africa (Hanover, 1859) ; Finn, Sephcn-dim, or History of the Jeics in Spain and Portugal (London, 1841, 8vo; reviewed in Biit. and For. Rev. 1842, p. 459 sq.) ; Frit, and For. Rev. 1837, p. 402 sq. ; Lond. Quarterly Review, xxxviii, 1 14 sq. ; Christian Examiner, 1848, p. 48 sq. ; 1830, p. 290 sq. ; North Aw. Rev. 1831, p. 234 sq. The work of Basnage {Hist, de la Religion des Juifs dejmis Jesus-Christ jusqu a present (Haag, 1716, 15 vols. 8vo) was compiled from second-hand sources, and so teems with errors and unjust statements towards Jews that we can hariUy advise its perusal to any who seek accuracy and erudition. For the religious views, etc., of the Jews, see JuDAisjr. (J. H. W.)
Jew, THE Wandekixg. While the tradition ob- tained in the Christian Church that the " disciple whom Jesus loved" should not die (John xxi, 23), we find as a counterpart the tradition of an enemy of the Redeemer, whom remorse condemned to ceaseless wanderings until the second coming of the Lord. This tradition of the Wandering Je\v has, like other traditions, undergone various changes. The first Christian writer by whom we find it mentioned is the Benedictine chronicler :Mat- tha?us Parisins (f 1259). According to the account he gives in his Historia Major — an account which he pro- fesses to have received from an Armeni.-sn bishop, to whom the Wandering Je^v had himself told it — his his- tory was as follows : His name was Cai-taphilus, and he was door-keeper of the palace, in the employ of Pilate. When the Jews dragged Jesus out of the palace, after his sentence had been pronounced, the door-keeper struck him, saying mockingly, " Go on, .Jesus, go faster ; why dost thou linger?" Jesus turned around sternly, and said, " I am going, but thou shalt remain waiting
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until I return." The door-keeper was then about thirty vears old ; but since, whenever lie reaches his hundredth vear, a siidilen faintness overcomes him, and when he awakes from his swoon he finds himself returned to the age he was at the time the Lord pronounced his punish- ment. Cartaphilus ivas baptized with Ananias under the name «(. Joseph, which caused him afterwards to be confounded with Joseph of Arimathea. As a Christian, he led a life of strict penitence, in the hope of obtaining forgiveness. The scene of action of this Wandering Jew is in the East— namely, Armenia.
The tradition of the West is somewhat different. Here we find him first mentioned in the IGth centurj-, under the name of A hagii(-rus, and he is said to have appeared in 1547 in Hamburg, then in Dantzig and in other cities of (lermany, and in other countries also. Dr. Paulus, of Eizen, bishop of Schleswig— the storj^ jroes— heard him relate liis history as follows: Ahasue- rus was a shoemaker in Jerusalem during the life of Jesus, and one of the loudest in crying " Crucify him." When Jesus was led to the place of execution, he passed before the shoemaker's house. Tired with the weight of the cross, the Savioiu: leaned against the porch for rest ; but the shoemaker, who stood at his door with a child in his arms, bade him harshly move on (according to some he even struck him), when Christ, turning round and looking severely at him, said, '■ I shall stay and rest, but thou shalt move on until the last day."