and died shortly after. See Echard, Script. Ord. Freed. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxvi, 563.
John THE Faster (Johannes Jejunator or Nf^ TEUTEs), of humble extraction, became patriarch of Constantinople in 582. lie was distinguished fur his piety, benevolence, strong asceticism, and fasting. He was' the first who assumed the title of " (ecumenical pa- triarch," and thereby involved himself in difficulties with the bishops of Rome, Pelagius II and Gregory I, the opening of a struggle which resulted finally, in the 11th century (1054), in a complete rupture of the churches of Rome and Constantinople. (See the article Gregory I, and Ffoulkes, Christendom's Divisions, vol. i, § 17.) John died Sept, 2, 595. The Greek Church counts him among its saints. He is reputed the author of 'AKoXov^i'a Kal ra^iQ rwv t^opoXoyovftevwi' ; AoyoQ irpof rvv fiiWoi'-a t^ajopsvacii rov civtov TrnvftuTt- Kuv viuv, which belongs to the earliest penitential works of the Greek Church (pub. by Morinus, Comm. hist, de adminisiraiione sacramenti pcenitentia, Paris, 1651, Yen. 1792, etc.). See Oudin, De Sc?: Eccles. i, 1473 sq. ; Fa- bricius. Bib!. Grceca, x, 164 sq. ; Le Quien, Oriens Chris- tian, i, 216 sq. ; Schrockh, Kirchenr/esch. xvii, 56 sq.; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vi, 748 ; Aschbach, Kirchen-Lex. iii, 556.
John (called also Jeannelin), abbot of Fecamp, France, was born in the neighborhood of Ravenna. His laraily name Labbe supposes to have been Dalye, or D'Alye. He came to France with William, abbot of St. Renigne of Dijon, and studied under that learned man. He practiced medicine with success; but William going to Fecamp to reform the abbey, and install there a col- ony of Benedictines, John accompanied him, was made prior, and finally succeeded William as abbot. He re- formed several convents, and by his firm adherence to discipline embroiled himself with many prelates, sus- tained, however, in every instance by the pope. In 1054 he visited England, where he was welcomed by king Edward, but, having subsequently undertaken a journey to the Holy Land, he was made prisoner by the Mohammedans, and is said to have only returned to France in 1076. He died Feb. 2, 1079. " He wrote a book of prayers, the preface of which is to be found in jMabillon, Analecta, i, 133, and three chapters in the Ueditationes S. A uc/ustini. He is also considered as the
on occasion of the Cluirch festivals, as they are com- author of a treatise, De Divina Contemplatione, publ. in memorative of the incidents of the life of Christ or of 1539, ^.^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ of Confessio Theoloqica, and attrib- tne saints. An qi/ictum, or ritual service, composed by
him, and containing three canones or hymns, is given by Nicolaus Raywus ii; nis dissertation De Acolouthia Of- ficii Canonici, prefixed to tb.e Acta Sanctorum, Junii, vol. ii. John wrote, also, Vita S. Dorothei Junioris, given in the .1 eta Saiictonim, .lunii, i, 605, etc. Various sermons for the Church festivals, and other works of his, arc extant in MS. See Fabricius, Biblioth. Orient, viii, 309, 627, etc.; x, 221, 226; xi, 79; Ga.ye,msf. Liter, ii, 139; Oudin, J)e Scriptoribits et Scriptis Eccles. ii, 606; Smith, ])ict. of Creek and Roman Biog. ii. 595.
John ok Fai.ke.\iser(j, surnamed Jacobitn de Sar- onia, or J>oclor de Pratensis, a German Dominican, is celebrated for the zeal with which he defended pope (ircgory XII in the Council of Constance. He also en- deavored to defend the regicitlal opinions of John Petit, but he failed in both instances. He next, at the re- quest of the Knights of the Cross, wrote a libel against Wladislas JageUon, king of Poland, for which he was de- clared a heretic, and condemned to imprisonment for life at IJomc. Pope .Alartin V, however, liberated him a few years after, and John, encouraged, now demanded of Paul of Russdorf, grand master Of the Kniglits of the Cross, the price of the libel he had written. The latter offering him but a smaU amount, John of Falkenbeig insulted him, whereupon he was again imprisoned, and cj.n.lfmned to be drowned. He escaped, however, re- tired to tlie convent of Kiimpen, and wrote against the
uted to John Cassien, etc. See Gallia Christ, xi, col. 206 ; J/isf. Lift, de la Erance, viii, 48 ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Generale, xxvi, 531.
John Frederick, elector of Saxony. See Refor- mation; Saxony.
John Gallensis. See Canon Law, vol. ii, p. 88 (2).
John of Gischala, son of Levi, named after his native place [see Gischala], was one of the most cele- brated leaders of the unfortunate Jews of Galilee in tlieir final struggle with. the Romans, A.D. 66-67. Of his personal historj' we know scarcely anything. The only writer to whom we can go for information — Josephus — is prejudiced, because John of Gischala proved the most formidable rival of the renowned Jewish historian, and he is on that account depicted by Josephus in a very dis|iaraging manner. His deeds, however, indicate to cviry fair-minded person that he belonged to that class of men who, for the defense of their country, readily ig- nore all other duties. We are furthermore encouraged to give credence to the noble picture which Griitz {Gesch. der Juden, iii, 396) has drawn of John, when we remember that the virtuous and learned Simon ben-Ga- maliel was a devoted and life-long friend of our hero, (By this it must, however, by no means be inferred that we are ready to accept Griitz's views on the character of Josephus, for which we refer our readers to the art. Jo-