John OF Parjia, also called Joannes Borellus or BiitAi^i.rs, a learned monk of the 13th century, was born at Parma about 1209. He became a Franciscan, taught theology with great success at the universities of Naples, Bologna, and Paris, and in 1247 was made general of liis order by the chapter assembled at Avig- non. He showed great zeal for the reformation of con- vents, and strictly enforced the discipline. In 1249 he was sent to Greece by Innocent IV, with a view to the reconciliation of the Eastern Church, but failed in that inidcrtaking, and returned to Italy in 1251. A chapter lield at Rome in 1256 accus^-d him of favoring the her- esies of Joachim, abbot of Floris, whose work. The Eeer- lustint) Gospel, he edited, and accompanied with a pref- ace of his own (see Farrar, Ci-it. Hist. Free Thought, p. 8G), and he was obliged to resign the generalship of the order. His successor, Bonaventura Fidanza, even caused him to be condemned to imprisonment, but the protec- tion of cardinal ()tti)l)oni, afterwards Adrian V, prevent- ed tlie execution of tlic sentence. He was nevertheless oljliged to hide himself in the convent of Grecchia, near l.'icti. He subsc(iuently set out to retiu-n to Greece, but died at Camerino in 1289. He was canonized in the l«th century by the Congregation of Rites. None of his wTitings were published. See Hist. lAtteruire de la France, xx, 23; Wadding, Script. Ord. Mimr.; Fleury, Hist. Feci. ; Ireneo Affo, .Vemorie der/li Scrittori et Lit- t^niti Parmifjiani ; Sbaraglia, Siipplem. et castig. ad Script. Ord. S. Franckr. ; Hoefcr. Xour. Biog. Gemrale, xxvi, 550; Mosheim, Ch. Uht. cent, xiii, pt." ii, ch. ii, 8 33, note. (J. N. P.) ^
John Parvus. Sec John the Little.
John PiiiLOPoxus. See John the Laisorious.
John PiiocAs («I>oKac), a Cretan monk and priest, son of ;\IatthK.nis, who became a monk in Patmos, had served m the army of the emperor Manuel Comnenus (Who reigned A.I). 1143-80) in Asia Minor, and after- wards visited (A.r). 11«5) Syria and Palestine, is noted for a short geographical account which he mote of those countries, entitle(rj.\-,/,p„ff,(.. Iv avv6i^n rwv utt' 'AvTioxuai; (if^pig 'linorroXv^iwv icdarpwv Kai vwnwi. Xvptag Km <l>o<v<Vv,c Kai rwv k-a-.l naXai<TTiv,,v ayim- To-TTiov, Compendiaria Descriptio Custrorum et Urhmm (SIC in AUat. vers.) ah Urhe Aniuwhia usque IHerosolu- mum,necnon Sg,-i,e ac Phenici,c,elin PalcEslinn Sncro- run Locormn, which was transcril)cd by his son (for he was marruMl before he became a priest), and finallv pub- lished by .Ulatius, with a Latin version, in liis v;- ' ,„. Ta, 1, l-4t;. The Latin version is also given in the A da
4 JOHN
Sanctonim of the Bollandists, Maii ii, ad init. See Al- latius, ^vfi/jiiKra, Prcefatiuncula ; Fabriciiis, Bibl. Gr.iv, 662 ; viii, 99.— Smith, Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog. ii, 601,
John Phurnes {^ovpvr]Q), a monk of the monastery of IMount Ganus, who flourished in the reign of the em- peror Alexis Comnenus (11th century), was an opponent of the Latin Church, and is noted as the author of 'A-KoXoyia, Defensio, or AiaXt^ig, Disceptatio, a discus- sion which was carried on with Peter, archbishop of Milan, in the presence of the emperor. If this is the work which John Veccus cites and replies to in his De Unione Ecclesiurum 0 ratio (apud Allatium, Grmcia Orthodoxa, i, 179, etc.), it appears that the form of a dialogue was assumed for convenience' sake, and that it was not the dialogue of a real conference. According to Fabricius, Allatius also published in his work De Consensu (sc. De Ecclesim Occidentalis et Orientalis per- petua Consensione), p. 1153, a work of John which is described as Epistola de Ritihus immutatis in Sacra Communione. Other works of John are extant in MS. See Allatius, Grcec. Orthodox. 1. c. ; Fabricius, Bibl. Gr, xi, 648, 650.— Smith, Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog. ii, 601.
John THE Presbyter, a supposed disciple of Jesus, and instructor of Papias of Hierapolis, is said to have been a contemporarj^ of the apostle John (with whom it is thought he has been confounded by earlj' Church his- torians), and to have resided at Ephesus. For the as- sertion that there existed such a person, the testimony
I advanced is (1) that of Papias (in Eusebius, Hist. Eeeles.
I iii, 39), who, in spealdng of the personal efforts he put forth to establish himself in the Christian faith, says : " Whenever any one arrived who had had intercourse with the elders {rdiQ Troea[3i'Tepoig), I made inquiry concerning the declarations of these; what Anclrew, what Peter, or Philip, or Thomas, or James, or John, or Matthew, or any other of the disciples of the Lord said, as also what A ristion and John the Presbj/tcr, disciples of the Lord, sag. For 1 believed that I should not de- rive so much advantage from books as from living and abiding discourse." Eusebius, in reporting this, takes special pains to report that Papias purposely adduces the name John twice, first in connection with Peter, James, and Matthew, where only the apostle can be in- tended, and again along with A ristion, where he distin- guishes him bg the title of " the Preshgter.'' Eusebius further states that this confirms the report of those who relate that there were two men in Asia ISIinor who bore tliat name, and had been closely connected with Christ, and then continues by showing that two tombs had been found in Ephesus beai'ing the name of .John. Further proof is found in another part of his historj' (vii, 25), where he cites Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, about the middle of the 3d century, as uttering the same tra- dition concerning the finding of the two tombs at Ephe- sus inscribed with the name of John, and as ascribing to John the Presbyter the authorship of the Apocalypse, which Eusebius himself was inclined to do. The exist- ence of a presbyter John is (2) declared in the Apostol- ical Constitutions (vii, 36), where it is said that the sec- ond .John was bishop of Ephesus after John the Apos- tle, and that it was by the latter that he was instituted into office. Further testimony is obtained from Jerome (De \'ir. III. c. 9), who reports the opinion of some that the second and third epistles of John are the production of John the Presbyter, "ciijus et hodie alterum sepul- crum apud Ephesum ostenditur, etsi nonnulli putant duas memorias ejusdem Johannis evangelistifi esse." In defence of the existence of such a person as John the Presbyter appear prominently among modern critics Grotius, Beck, Fritzsche, Bretschneider, Credner, Eb- rard, and Steitz (Jahrb. deutscher Theol. 1869, i, 138 sq.), all of whom ascribe to him the authorshij) of the last two epistles of John, generally believed to be the pro- ductions of John the Apostle ; also Lucke, Bleek, De Wette, and Neander, who consider John tlie Presbyter the author of the Apocalypse. The simple question