John of Ravenna. See Nicholas I ; Ravenna.
John THE Recluse, See John Niciota.
John DE LA RocHELLE, a F"rench theologian, was born in the early part of the 13th century, probably in the city of La Rochelle. He joined the Franciscans, and studied under Alexander cle Hales, whom he suc- ceeded in 1238, but resigned in 1253 in favor of St. Bo- naventura. He died at Paris in 1271. according to Luc Wadding. John de la Rochelle was a successful teach- er, yet his works did not enjoy much renown, probably because he did not follow the mystical tendency of the times. Among his works we notice commentaries on a number of the books of the Bible ; sermons, preserved in the j\IS. collections of divers libraries, chiefly in that of Troyes, France ; De A nima, ^MSS. in the library of St. Victor; and he is also considered the author of some other works, but on doubtful grounds. He is especially deserving of notice as one of the first, if not the first, who attempted to explain Aristotle's Htpi ^I'X'lc, a task of which he ably disposed. Thomas Aquinas prob- ably availed himself of this work. See Cas. Oudin, De Script. Pedes. ; llistoire Utt. de la Fixince, xix, 171 ; B. Haureau, De la Philosophie Seolastiqiie, i, 475 ; lloefer, Xouv. Biog. Generale, xxvi, 548. (J. N. P.)
John OF RuPEScissA or Roquetaillade, a French Franciscan, who flourished near the middle of the 14th century, at Aiu-illac, in Auvergne, is noted for his severe denunciations of tlie gross immoralities of the clergy of the Roman Church in his day. He was especially op- posed to the court at Avignon, and hesitated not to brand the whole papal court as the scat of a great whoredom. Popes Clement VI and Innocent VI im- prisoned him on account of his continued remonstrances and prophesying, but even while in prison he wrote much against the papal court and the clergy. He died while in prison, but the cause of his death is not known. His works of interest are, (1) Vademecym in tribula- tione (in Ed. Brown's addition to Orturii Gratii fascic. rer. e.rpectandai: et fugiendar. London, 1690), wherein he handles the French clergy without gloves, and prophe- sies much trouble to their native land on account of their sins : — (2) A Commentary on the prophecies of the hermit Cyril of Mount Carmel and of abbot Joachim (q. v.). See Trithemius, Z*? script. Pecks, c. 611 (in Fa- bricius. Bib. Peel. pt. ii, p. 145) ; Wolfius, Leett. memorab. cent, xiv, p. 623 sq. ; Fuhrmann, Handle, der Kirchen- gesch. ii, 482 ; Aschbach, Kirch.-Lex. iii, 565. (J. H.W.) John OF Salisburv, an eminent English prelate, was born at Salisbury (old Sariim) about 1110. He was first educated at Oxford, and in 1136 went to France, where he continued his studies under Abelard, and many other celebrated French divines of that age. About 1151 he returned to England, and was appointed chaplain of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury. Sent on a mission to pope Hadrian IV in 1156, he openly ap- proached the latter on the abuses of the Church and of the papacy, though always an earnest advocate of the
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unity ami liberty of the Cluirch, and the independence of tne episcopate from the secidar princes, lie was an intimate friend and admirer of Thomas k Becket, wliose cause he espoused warmly, and whom he followed into exile, returning only to England with him in 1170, and after his death secured his canonization. John ^vas called Becket's eye and arm. In 117G he was .appointed bishop of Chartres, and died about 1180. His works, which evince positive Realistic tendencies, and bear evi- dence of fruitful genius, sound understanding, and great erudition, are, Policraticus s. cle nii(jis curialiinn et vesti- ffiis pkilosopkoriim (Leyden, 1691) (an excellent treatise on the employments, duties,, virtues, and vices of great men^a curious and valuable monument of the litera- ture of John of Salisbury's time) : — Mctalogicus (Leyd. IGIO, Arast. 1664), an exhibition of true and false sci- ence ■,—Entheticus de dogmaie pkilosoj^horum (pub. by Chr. Petersen, Hamb'. 1843) : — Vita ac Passio S. Thomm (a Life of Thomas k Becket), etc. His collective works have been published by J. A. Giles (Lond. 1848, 5 vols. 8vo). See H. Renter, J. von Salishimi (Berl. 1842); J. Schmidt, Joan Parr. Sarisb., etc. (1838) ; f/ist. Litt. de la France, etc., xiv, 89 sq. ; Ritter, Gesch. d. Philos. vii, 005 ; Darling, Cyclop. Bihliorjr. s. v. See Becket ; Pa- pacy.
John III. the patriarch, surnamed the Scholar (1), was born at Sirimis, near Antioch, towards the middle of the Gth centun,-. He became successively attorney, then presbyter of Antioch, and finally, in 565, y)atriarch of Constantinople under Justinian I. He died in 577. He preyiared a large Collectio canonum under fiftj' head- ings, M'hieli became authoritative in the whole Greek Church. He is also considered as the author of a col- lection of ecclesiastical rules and regulations under the title Nomocanon (both in Justelli, Biblioth.jiu-is cano- nici [Paris, 1662], ii, 499, 603, 660), He is also said to have delivered a dissertation on the doctrine of the Trinity -which involved him in a controversy with the renowned so-called Tritheist John Philoponus (^Phot. Cod. 75).
John THE Scholar (2) (Johaxxes Scholasticus or Climacus), a monk of the latter half of the Gth cen- tun,-, was a zealous partisan of monastic life, and became abbot of a convent on Mount Sinai. He died there about 606. He wrote KXi'/zaS tov Trapaofiaov. an as- cetic mystical work (Latin, Scala paradisi, Ambrosius, A'enice,'l531, etc.), \^\nch. was greatly celebrated and widely circidated among Greek monks for centuries af- ter liis death : — Liher ad religiosuni postorem, qui est de officio comohiarchce (publ. by Jlatth. Rader, 1606). A collection of his works in Greek and Latin has been pub- lished by Matth. Rader (Paris, 1633).— Pierer, Univers. Lex. s. V.