Jonas, bishop of Orleans, an eminent prelate in the Latin Church, nourished in the first half of the 9th cen- tury. He died in 842. Jonas took an active part in the ecclesiastical aifairs of his time, and played no unim- portant part in the Iconoclastic controversy, in which he assumed a mediate course. In his I)e cultii Imae/inum (1645, 16mo) he wrote both against Claudius, bishop of Turin, and the Iconoclasts. The work was dedicated to king Cliaiics the Balil, ^vith whom he was in great r.-nnr. Altlidiigli ciinilcniiiiiig the destroyers of images, ho did not approve the worsi.i]) of them, and the most eminent Catholic writers, such as Bellarmine, therefore disapprove of his work. His other principal works are, Libri ires de instittttione luiccdi (transl. into French by De Mege, 1662, 12mo): — De institution reyia (transl. into French by Desmarets, 1661 , Svo). These two works are to be found in Latin in D'Achory's S/nriler;. He is also the author of a treatise on Minuli .- (in i:ihl. I'alri.). Sec Milman, Latin Christ, iv, 421 ; SeliiiK kli. Kirchengt- schichte, xxiii, 294 sq., 416 sq. ; Aschbach, Kirchen-I^ex. iii, 573.
Jonas, Justus, one of the most eminent reformers in Germany, a contemporary and associate of Luther, was born at Nordhausen, June 5, 1493. He studied law at the University of Erfurt. In 1519, however, encour- aged by the advice of both Hess and Erasmus, he de- cided to study theology, and, inclining to the cause of the Reformers, he allied himself to Luther in 1521, and thereafter became closely connected with the great re- former. He went to Worms with him, and was soon after appointed provost of the church at Wittenberg. Here he was made D.D. by the university, in which he became a professor, and ever after worked zealously for the propagation of the principles of the Reformation. His legal knowledge Mas of especial service to the Re- formers. In 1529 he accompanied Luther to Marburg, and his letters on this occasion are a valuable historical contribution. In 1530 we find him assisting Mclanc- thon in the completion of his Aue/ustana. In 1541 he removed to Halle to assume pastoral duties at St. Mary's Church in that city, but in 1546 duke IMaurice ordered him to quit the ]ilace, and lie returned only after the elector John Frederick had taken posses.sion of the city in 1547. The battle of ^Miihlberg, which falls in this year, again turned the fate of the Protestants, and he once more quitted Halle. In 1 551 he was appointed court preacher at Coburg. and in 1553 superintendent of Eis- feld, where he died Oct. 9, 1555. Jonas was particular- ly distniguished as a ready speaker and as a writer. He took part in the translation of the Bible by Luther,
JONAS
994
JONATHAN
and wrote Prwfolio in Episiolus divi Paidi ApostoU, ad Corinthios, etc." (Erfurt, 1520, 4to) -.—Epitome Judicii J. Jome.pnepog. Winitmh.,de corrifjendis c(erimoniis (1523): —Annotationes J.Joiun in Acta Apostolorum (Wittemb. 1524, Basle. 1525) -.— Vom alten v. neuen Gott, Glauhen ii. Lehre (AVittenb. 1526) :— UWcA die rechte Kirche, und darjegen velck d.falsche Kirche ist (Wittenb. 1534, 4to) : —Oratio Ju.<ti jonce, doct. theol, de Studiis Theolofjids (Wittemb. 1539 ; Jlclancthon, Select. Declamat. i, 23) :— Jhs XX Psalms Auskf/unr/ (Wittemberg, 154:6) i—Kurze llisloria r. Liithers hiblischen ii. (/eistlichen An/echtwir/en (in Luther's Works) ; etc. He also published a number of translations into German, especially of works of Lu- ther and Jlelancthon; also translations from German into Latin. See Reinhard, Commentatio hist, theolog. de Vita et Obitu Jusfi Jonce, etc. (Weimar, 1731) ; Knapp, Xarratio de ./tisto Jona, etc. (Halle, 1817, 4to): Ersch u. Gruber, A llgemeine Encyklop. ; Herzog, Recd-Encyldop. vii, 1 sq.; Pressel, Lehen u, ausgeic. Schriften d. Vaters u, Begriinders. d. lather. Kirche (1862), voL viii.
Jonas, Ludwig, one of the ablest German theo- logians of our day, was born at Neustadt a. O. February 11, 1797. During the Franco-Prussian war of 1812- 1815 he Ibught against the foreign invader, but as soon as peace dawned on his native land he resumed his the- ological studies under the celebrated Schleiermacher, of whom he was one of the most prominent and faithful followers. After preaching at diiferent places, he re- moved to Berlin in 1834, and soon secured a place in the foreground among Berlin's large array of theological writers. He published Schleiermacher's MSS. : his phil- osophical Essai/s and Dissertations in 1835, the Dialec- tic in 1839, Morals in 1843, Letters in 1858. He died Sept. 19, 1850. Jonas was one of the founders of the MonatsschriJ} of the United Church of Prussia (com- prising the Reformed and Lutheran churches at that time. See art. Prussia).
Jon'athan (Heb. Yonafhan,' inr, 1 Sam. xiii, 2, .3. K). 22; xiv, 1, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 17, 2Y, 27, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42.43,4-1,45,49; xix, 1; 1 Kings i,42,43; 1 Chron. ii^ 32,33; X, 2; xi, 34; Ezra viii, 6; x, 15; Neh. xii, 11, 14, 35; Jer. xl, 8; Sept. 'Iwva^^av), a contracted form ofjEiioNATHAX (in3'in;',q.d. Theodore, 1 Chron. xxvii, 25; 2 Cliron. xvii, 8; Neh. xii, 18; Anglicized « Jona- tlian" elsewhere, Judg. xviii, 30 ; 1 .Sam. xiv, 6, 8 ; xviii 1,3,4; xix, 1,2,4,6,7; xx, 1. 3,4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12,' 13 le' 17, 18, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 ; xxiii' 16, 18 : xxxi, 2 ; 2 Sam. i, 4, 5, 12, 17, 22, 23, 25, 26 ; iy, 4; ix, 1, 3, 6, 7; xv, 27, 36; xvii, 17 20; xxi. 7, 12, 13^ 14,21; xxiii,32; 1 Chron. viii, 33, 34 ; ix,39,40; xx,?' -xxvii, 32; Jer.xxxvii,15,20; xxxviii,26; Sept'.'Iwva- ■iav), the name of fifteen or more men in the canonical Scriptures, besides several in the Apocrypha and Jose-