YIl. Relation to the Pentateuch. — The Pentateuch brings down the history of the Israelites to the death of Moses, at which it naturally terminates. The book of Joshua takes up the history at this point, and con- tinues it to the death of Joshua, which furnishes anoth- er natural pause. From resemblances between the lan- guage and forms of expression used by the author of the book of Joshua and those found in Deuteronomj', it has been supposed that both are to be ascribed, in part at least, to the same ^\Titer. This, of course, proceeds on the supposition that the book of Deuteronomy is not the composition of Moses ; a question on which it would be out of place to enter here. See Deuteronojiy ; Pentateuch. It may suffice to observe, that whilst it is natural to expect that many similarities of phraseol- ogy and language would be apparent in works so nearly contemporaneous as that of Deuteronomy and that of Joshua, there are yet such differences between them as may seem to indicate that they are not the production of the same writer. Thus, in the Pentateuch, we have the word Jericho alwaj's spelt ilTn ;, whilst in Joshua it is always in'^"!';'; in Deuteronomy we have XSJ? ?X (iv,24; v,9; vi,' 15), in Joshua xisp bx (xxiv, 19) ; in Deuteronomy the inf. of Nj^, to fear, is HXI^ (iv, 10; V, 20 ; vi, 24, etc.), in Joshua it is k"i;i (xxii, 25) ; in Deuteronomy ^ve have warriors described as ^"'n "^32 (iii, 18), whilst in Joshua they are called b';'riln "^^ia? (i, 14 ; vi, 2, etc.). We have also in Joshua the peculiar formula T^N~2 i^H, which nowhere occurs in the Pen- tateuch, but only ia i': -I (Lev. xx, 9, 11, 12, etc.) ; the expression 'j'';^^"^ Vs ',i"lX (iii, 11, 13), which occurs again only in Zech. vi, 5 ; the phrase, " the heart melt- ed" (ii, 11 ; V, 1 ; vii, 5) ; etc. In the Pentateuch, also, we find the usage with respect to the third personal pro- noun feminine fluctuating between N"i|l and N^in; in the book of Joshua the usage is fixed down to NTl, which became the permanent usage of the language. We find, also, that in the Pentateuch the demonstrative pronoun, with the article, sometimes appears in the form ^Nrt, while in Joshua and elsewhere it is always nSXfj. The evidence here is the same in effect as would accrue in the case of Latin writers from the use of i2^sus and ijyse, alius and ille. That the author of the book of Joshua derived part of his information from the Penta- teuch is evident, if we compare Deut. xviii, 1, 2, and
Numb, xviii, 20, with Josh, xiii, 14, 33 ; xiv, 4. Even the unusual form iCX is repeated in Joshua. Compare also Numb, xxxi, 8, with Josh, xiii, 21 and 22. The au- thor of the book of Joshua frequently repeats the state- ments of the Pentateuch in a more detailed form, and mentions the changes which had taken place since the Pentateuch was written. Compare Numb, xxxiv, 13 and 14, with Josh, xiii, 7 sq. ; Numb, xxxii, 37, with Josh, xiii, 17 sq. ; Numb, xxxv with Josh. xxi.
There is also considerable similarity between the fol- lowing passages in the books of Joshua and Judges : Josh, xiii, 4, Judg. iii, 3 ; Josh, xv, 13 sq., Judg. i, 10, 20; Josh. XV, 15-19, Judg. i, 11-15; Josh, xv, 02, Judg. i, 21 ; Josh, xvi, 10, Judg. i, 29 ; Josh, xvii, 12, Judg. i, 27 ; Josh, xix, 47, Judg. xviii.— Kitto ; Smith.
VIII. Commentaries.— The exegetical helps expressly on the whole book of Joshua exclusively are the follow- ing, of which we designate the most important by an asterisk prefixed : Origen, Selecfa (in 0pp. ii, 393) ; also Ilomilice (ib. ii, 397) ; also Scholia (in £ibl. Patr. Gal- landii, xiv) ; Ephraem Syrus, Esrplanatio (in 0pp. iv, 292) ; Procopius, Notes (in his Octateucham) ; Theodoret, Qiuestiones (in 0pp. I, i) ^ Isidore, Commentaria (in Op^).) ; Bede, Quaisiiones (in 0pp. p. 8) ; Eabanus, in Jos. (in 0pp. ed. Martene ct Durand, p. 008) ; Pupert, In Jos. (in 0pp. i, 321) ; Tostatus,/»j Jos. (in 0pp.) ; Rashi or Jar- chi, Co7nmentarius (from the Heb. [Ibund in the Eab- binical Bibles] by Ercithaupt, Goth. 1710, 4to) ; Eabbi Esaia, d^"i'iQ (ed. with Lat, notes by Abicht, Lips. 1712, 4to ; also in the Thes. Nov. Theol.-Phil. L. B. 1732, i, 474 sq.) ; Borrhaus or Cellarius, Commentarii [includ. Euth, Samuel, and Kings] (Basil. 1557, fol.) ; Lavatcr, IIo7nil- iw (Tigur. 1565, 4to) ; Calvin, Commentarius (in 0pp. i; in French, Gencv. 1565, 8vo; transl. in Engl, by W. F., Lond. 1 578, 4to ; by Beveridge, Edinb. 1854, 8vo) ; Bren- tius, Commentarii (in 0pp. ii) ; Karseus, Exceipta (in Ugolini r^csmir. XX, 497) ; Strige],»Sc/<o/2n (Lips. 1570, 1575, 8vo); Ferus, Enarratior.( s [includ. Exodus, etc.] (Colon. 1571, 1574, 8vo); *Masius [Eom. Cath.], ///«.- tratio (Antw, 1574, fol. ; also in Walton's Polyglot, vi, and in the Critici Sacri, ii) ; Chj'tra3us, Pralectioncs (Eosf. 1577, 8vo); Montanus, Commentai-ius (Antwerp, 1583, 4to); Heidcnreich, Pre(%^ew (Lcipz. 1589; Stet. 1604, 4to) ; Heling, Periocha [includ. Euth, Samuel, and Kings] (Norib. 1593-4,2 vols. 8vo); Laniado, "if?^ 1^3 (Venice, 1603, fol.); Ibn-Chajim, "("nN; 2P [including Judges] (Venice, 1009, fol. ; also in Frankfurter's Eab- binical Bible) ; Serarius, Commentarius (Mogunt. 1609- 10, 2 vols. fol. ; Par. 1610, fol.) ; Jlagalianus, Commenta- rius (Turnon. 1012, 2 vols, fol.) ; HamcXitn, Reisepredig- ten (Leipz. 1013,4to) ; lix\mx\s, Commentarius [including Judges and Samuel] (Franeck. 1618,4to); Baldwin, P?-e- difjten (Wittenb. 1621, 4to); Stocken, Pi-edigten (Cassel, 1648, 4to) ; De Naxcra, Commentarii (vol. i, Antw. 1050 ; ii,Lugd. 1652, fol.): a Lapide, /« Jos. [and other books] (Antw. 1658, fol.) ; Cocceius, A'ote (in 0pp. i, 309 ; xi, 47) ; Bonefrere, Commentarius [includ. Judges and Euth] (Paris, 1659, fol.) ; Marcellius, Commentarius (Herbip. 1661, 4to); Hannecken,.'lc/«t;^am (Giss. 1665,8vo); Osi- ander, Commentarius (Tubing. 1681, fol.) ; Ising, Exer- citationes (Eegiom. 1683, 4to) ; *Schmidt, Prcelectiones [with Isaiah] (Hamb. 1693, 1695, 1703, 4to); Heideg- ger, Exegetica [includ. Matthew, etc.] (Tigur. 1700, 4to) ; ^liMmaim, Commentaj-ius (ed.Martin, Dresd. 1701,4to) ; Felibien, Commentarii [includ. Judges, Euth, and Kings] (Paris, 1704, 4to) ; Le Clerc, Commentarius (Amst. 1708 ; Tubing. 1733, fol.); Moldenhauer, Erlduterung [includ. Judges, etc.] (Quedlinb. 1774, 4to) ; Obomik, D^lS'lPl, etc. (in the Hebrew Commentary, Viemia, 1792, 8vo, pt. 156); Lightfoot, .4 nno/o^io?;es (in Works, x) ; Horslej', Notes (in Eihl. Crif. i) ; IMeyer, Bestandtheile, etc. (in Ammon and Bcrthold's Krit.Journ. 1815, 4to,ii, 337 sq.) ; Kiev, Ueberstz. (Leipz. 1817, 8vo) ; Paulus, Blicle, etc. (in his Theol.-Exeg. Conserr. Heldeb. 1822, ii, 149 sq.) ; Herdwerden, Disputatio, etc. (Groningen, 1820, 8vo) ;