2. Son of Ze[)haniah, and n resident of Jerusalem after the captivit}', in whose house the jirophet \Nas directed
to crown the high-priest Jeshua as a tj'pe of the Mes- siah (Zech. vi, 10). B.C. prob. 520. "It has been con- jectured that Josiah was either a goldsmith, or treasurer of the Temple, or one of the keepers of the Temple, who received the money offered by the worshippers, but nothing is known of him. Possibly he was a descend- ant of Zephaniah, the priest mentioned in Jer. xxi, 1 , xxxvii, 3 ; and if Hen in Zech. vi, 15 be a proper name, which is doubtful, it probably refers to the same person, elsewhere called Josiah" (Smith).
Josi'as, a Graecized form of the name of {a) (lui- fflacYiilg. Josias) Josi.ui (q. v.), kmg of Judah (1 Esch-. i, 1,7, 18, 21-23, 25, 28, 29, 32-34; Ecclus. xlix, 1, 4; Bar. i, 8; Matt, i, 10, 11); (6) {'Italag v. r. 'Ifffo-i- acViilg. Muasias), Jeshaiaii (q. v.), the son of Atha- liah (1 Esdr. viii, 33 ; comp. Ezra viii, 7).
Josibi'ah (Heb. Yoshibyah', n^Siiii*, dweller with Jehovah; Sept. 'laa(iia v. r. kuajila), son of Seraiah and father of Jehu, which last was one of the Simeon- ites who migrated to Gedor (1 Chron. iv, 35). B.C. ante 711.
Josiphi'ah (Heb. Yosiphyah', n^Sbi"', increased by Jehovah ; Sept. 'lojfff 0(a), one of the " sons" of She- lomith (as the Heb. text now stands), a chief Israelite, whose son (Ben-Josiphiah) returned with a company of 160 males under Ezra to Jerusalem (Ezra viii, 10). B.C. 459. A word, however, has evidently fallen out of the Hebrew text in the beginning of the ^'erse, and is supplied by the Sept. and the author of 1 Esdr. viii, 36, as well as (less correctly) in the Sjiiac; namely, ^aari (Bavi^), i. e. "^DSl, omitted from similarity to "^32 pre- cecUng: thus making Eani (q. v.) the son of Shelomith, and the leader of the party of returned exiles. Josippon. See Joseph den-Goriox. Joso, ToRiAL, one of Whitetield's preachers, a na- tive of Scotland, was a sea-captain by profession. He had a vigorous mind, had been fond of the Bible from his youth, and had acquired a good degree of education by industrious study alone. He was converted by the preaching of j\lr. Wesley at Robin Hood's Bay, and soon after began to preach to and exhort his sailors with much effect, who were converted and did likewise. Af- ter various reverses in his business, he was constrained by Whitefield to give himself wholly to the ministrj-, and in 1766 he became his colleague at the Tabernacle and Tottenham Court. His preaching in London had from the first drawn great throngs and been very useful, and his popularity was only second to that of \Yhite- field, whose associate he was for thirty years in the Cal- vinistic ^Methodist societies of London, usually itiner- ating in England and Wales four or five months annu- aUy. See Stevens, /^tsf.o/'jl/e</*o(ZM;?!,i, 450. (G.L.T.) Jost, Isaac; Marcus, one of the most celebrated writers of modern Jews, the first of his people since the days of Josephus to write a complete history of the Jews, was born at Bernburg, Germany, Feb. 22, 1793. His father, a poor blind man, the head of a family of twelve children, was obliged to depend mainly upon Marcus, the only boy, for support, and great and severe were the struggles which he had to endure until, in 1803, his father died, and the youth removed to Wolf- enblittel, where his grandfather resided. He was now admitted to a Jewish orphan asylum, where one of his most intimate associates was the celebrated Jewish sa- vant Leopold Zunz, and together these two boys pur- sued, under great disadvantages and deprivations, ay, sufferings, the studies necessary to admit them to the higher classes of the gymnasium. " AVhole nights," he touchingly records, "have we labored by the tapers which we made ourselves from the wax that ran down the big wax candles in the synagogue. By hard study we succeeded in bringing it so far in the course of the six months terminating with April, 1809, that we, Zimz in Wolfenbiittel and I in Brunswick, were put in the senior class (prima) in the gymnasium" (Pascheles, Sij^mrim,
JOT
1035
JOTBATHAH
3d col., Prague, 1855, p. 141 sq.). After four years of hard study he remov^ed to the University of Gottingen, where for one year and a half he pursued with great earnestness studies in history, philology, philosophy, and theology, and then continued his investigations at Berlin University. In the capital of Prussia Jost soon won the hearts of many of his people, and, though com- paratively a youth, yet succeeded in the management of a first-class school, to which flocked the children of Jew and Gentile. In 1835 he accepted the head-mas- tership of the Jewish high-school at Frankfort-on-the- Jlain, and in that capacity spent the remainder of his days. He died November 20, 18G0, at Frankfort-on- the-Main. While at Berlin he published: (1) The gi- gantic historical work entitled Geschichte der IsraclUcn seil der Zeit der Maccabder bis auf unsei-e TiKja (Ber- lin, 1820-28, 9 vols.) :— (2) All()cmdne Geschichte des Is- raelitiscken Volkes, etc. (Berlin, 1831-32, 2 vols. 8vo), being an abridgment, with corrections, of the former work: — and (3) ^21^:3 i"l10 ITJ':;, the JMishna, with the Hebrew text and vowel-points, accompanied by a German translation, a Rabbinic commentary, and Ger- man annotations (Berlin, 1832-34, G vols.), besides va- rious efforts of a philosophical nature, and numberless contributions to Jewish periodicals of all grades and de- scriptions. In Frankfort the same literary activity con- tinued. In 1839 he started a weekly journal for Jewish history, literature, etc., of which three volumes appear- ed, entitled Israelitische Annalen (Frankft. a. M, 1839- 41), which boasted of the names of some of the ablest of Jewish writers as contributors, and which furnished articles whose value every true Biblical student will not fail to recognise , in fact, for many items of information there contained we woidd look elsewhere in vain. To reawaken an interest in the study of Hebrew, he started in 1841 (when the Annalen were discontinued), in con- junction with the distinguished Jewish writer Creize- nach, a periodical in Hebrew, of which two volumes ap- peared, entitled "(T^Sj Ephevierides Ilebraicce s. collectio dissertationum maxime iheologicirum, variorumque Ile- braicorum scriptorum, ad ordinem mensium limarium disposita (Frankfort a. M. 1841-42). Like the former journal, it constitutes a very important contribution to Biblical and Jewish literature, and ^viU always be read with great pleasure by the lover of the sacred language, owing to the beautiful Hebrew style in which \i is writ- ten. At the same time, however, Jost was also laboring at his grand history of the Jews, of which he published (6), in 1846-47, three more parts, under the title Neuere Geschichte der Israeliten, etc., being a continuation, and forming a tenth volume, of his great historical work; and in 1857-59 he finally gave to the world, as the re- sult of his life-long historical and critical researches, the Geschichte des Judenthums und seiner Secten, a work which may fitly make the top stone of the great histor- ical edifice he had reared so perfectly from the very out- set. He found no preparatory work, as did Griitz, Munk, Zunz, and Herzfeld ; he was obliged to collect himself all the material needful for his great undertaking, and he spared no pains to do his work Avell. Jost deserves our notice also as a philanthropist : not only did he serve the literary world, and daily work for the advancement of Jewish interests everjnvhere, but he also founded an asylum for Jewish female orphans in the city which enjoyed his ripest scholarship. See Jahrbuch fur die Gesch. der Judeti (Lpzg. 1861, 12mo), vol. ii, p. vii sq. ; Jiid. Athenaum (Grimma and Lpz. 1851, 18mo), p. 117; Ehrentheil, Jiid, Charakterhilder (Pesth, 1867, 8vo), No. i, p. 67 sq. ; Vapereau, Dictionnaire des Contemporains, s. V. (:\i. W.)