JUSTIFICATION^
1104
JUSTIN
changed something in man, and indeed presupposed it as changed. Hollaz pronounced this doctrine openly and i)icautiously, while Quenstedt designated these preced- ing acts as'merely preparatory to conversion.
5. Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church since the nf/ormation.—Thc Council of Trent, in order to make a comi)romise witli the Pauline formula, recognised faith as the beginning and the foundation of justilication,but the full sense which Protestantism found in it was re- jected. This faith is the general belief in divine reve- iation, though in transition to a special faith, yet a mere knowledge which still gives room to mortal sins. Jus- tilicatioii is remission of sins and sanctification, through an infusion of the divine grace, in as far as the merit of
■ Christ is not merely imputed, but communicated. It is gi\en through grace, but as a permanent state it grows through the merit of good works according to the com- nian(huents of God and the Church, through which works tlic justified, always aided by the grace of God in Christ, have to render satisfaction for the temporal pmi- ishnient of their sins and to deserve salvation. Not aU the works done before j ustification are sins, and to the j us- tified tlie fulfilment of the commandments of God is quite possible, although even the saints still commit small, ve- nial sins. A further development of this doctrine is found in the writings of Bellarmiue. He admits faith onlj' as JiJis (jemralis, as a matter of the intellect, yet as a consent, not a knowledge. Though only the first among many prej^aratious for justification, a certain merit is as- cribed to faith. The Council of Trent had rejected the imputation of the merits of Christ only as the exclusive grouiiil (if justification ; Bellarmine rejected it altogether. He ('xi)licii ly proclaimed the necessity of good works for salvation, tliough only a relative salvation. The opera svptreroijationis, which were Hot mentioned at Trent, though they remained unchanged in tradition and prac- tice, are further developed by Bellarmine. According to him, they go beyond nature, are not destined for all, and not commanded under penalties.
6. Modern Protestantism. — Socinus denied any foreign imputation, also that of the merit of Christ. When su- pranaturalism in general declined, the points of differ- ence from the Roman Catholic Church were frequently lost sight of. Kant found in the doctrine of justification the relation of the always unsatisfactory reality of our moral development to the future perfection recognised ill the intuition of God. De Wette declared it to be the highest moral confidence which is founded on the com- munion with Christ, and turns from an unhappy past to a better future. Modern mystics have often found fault with the Protestant doctrine as being too outward, and approached the d(jctrine of the Roman Church. The He- gelian School tauglit that justification is the reception of tlic suliject into the spirit, i. e. the knowledge of the subject of his unity with the absolute siiirit, or, accord- ing to Strauss, with the concrete idea of mankind. Ac- cording to Sohleicrmacher, it is the reception into the communion of life with both the archetypal and histor- ical Christ, and the appropriation of his perfection. Jus- tification and sanctification are to him only different sides of the carrying out of the same divine decree. Many of tlie recent do-matic writers of (iermany have agaiu|iroclainied this doctrine to be the essential princi- ))le of i'roicstautism. some (Dorner, Das Piincip nnserer Ktn-/n; Kiel, IHIl ) taking justification in the sense of a new pcrs.Miality founded in Christ, others (Ilundesha- gcn. Ihrilriitschr I'rolistiwtisiniis, Frankft. 1847) in the sense that (lod, surveying the wliole future development ol the principle which communion with Christ estab- hshc.'i in the believer, views him as righteous. One of tlie last dogmatic manuals of the Reformed Church (S(.hweizer, ii, 5-23 sq.) distinguishes conversion and sanctification as the beginning and progress of a life of salvation, and assigns justification to the former. See Hase. Eaiwielische Dorpnatik (Leipzic, 1850), p. 310 sq.; C. F. Haur, Lehrhuch dir vhristlivhen Dogmew/eschichte (Stuit-ai ;t, l.'<17) ; Ilahii. Das Dekenntniss d,'r cranr/el-
ischen Kirchengeschichte in seinem Vei-hdltniss zu dem der Romischen und Griechischen.
III. Literature. — See, for Roman Cath. views, Mohler, Symbolism, ch. iii ; Willett, Sipi. Pap. viii, 67 sq. ; Cramp, Text-book of Popery, ch. v ; Bossuet, Works, vol. i and ii ; Stud, und krit. 1867, vol. ii ; D'Aubigne, Hist. Reforma- tion, vol. ii ; Forbes, Considerations, i, 1 ; Nicene Creed, 1, 173 ; Hughes, Works, i, 410. For Protestant views, see Hachawan, Justification (Edinb. 1867,8vo; reviewed at length in Lond. Review, Oct. 1867, p. 179) ; Brit, and For. Evang. Rev. Oct, 1867, art. vi ; Wesley, Works, v, 255; vi, 106; Calvin, 7?w/«V. vol. ii ; Cunningham, i?e- formers, p. 402 ; Planck, Hist. Prat. Theol. (see Index) ; Knapp, Theology (see Index) ; Wardlaw, System. Theol- ogy, ii, 678 sq. ; Graves, Works, vol. iv ; Monsell, iv, 232, 240 ; Waterland, Works, vol. vi ; T. Goodwin, Works (see Index) ; Wilson, Apostol. Fathers (see Index) ; Marten- sen, Dogmatics, p. 390 sq. ; Pye Smith, Introd. to Theol. (see Index) ; Burnet, On the 39 A rticles (see Index) ; Carmich, Theol. of the ScrijJtures, vol. ii ; Neander, Prot. and Cm//;. p. 131-146; Ch.Dog.n,GQ, sq.; Planting and Train, of Christian Church, vol. ii ; Eiggenbach, in the Stud, und Krit. 1863, iv, 691 ; 1867, i, 405, ii, 294 ; 1868, ii, 201 ; North Brit. Review, Jime, 1867, p. 191 sq. ; Dr. Schaff, Protestantism, p, 54-57; Good Wo7-ds, Jan. 1866; Heppe, Dogmatics, p. 392 ; Biblioth. Sacra, 1863, p. 615 ; Bibl. Repus. xi, 448; Christ. Review, Oct. 1846; Jahrb. deutsck. Theol. vii, 516 ; Ware, Works, iii, 381 ; Joimial of Sac. Lit. xxi ; 1869, iii, 545 ; Christian Monthly, 1845, Jan., p. 102 ; Feb., p. 231 ; New Englander (see Index); Hauck, Theolog. Jaliresber. Jan, 1869, i, 59; 1867, p. 543 ; Bull. Theologique, i, 25, 41 ; Brit, and For. Evang. Rev. July, 1868, p. 537 ; Brit, and For. Rev. Oct. 1868, p. 683, 692"; Amer. Presbtjt. Review, Jan, 1867, p. 69, 202; Evang. Quart. Rev. Oct. 1869, p. 48 ; Briiish Quart. Rev. Jan. 1871, p. 144; Church Rev. Oct. 1870, p. 444, 462; Zeitschr.wissensch. Theol. 1871, iv.