IV.— A AAA
Grmc. c. 13,34), and he appears to have made the pro- fession of a philosopher subservient to this jjurpose {Di- alog, cum Tri/pli. init. ; Eusebius, Jlist. Eccl. iv, 11 ; Pho- tius, Bibl. cod. 125). According to what is commonlj' deemed the ancient record of his martyrdom (though Papebroche regards this as narrating the death of another Justin), he visited Rome twice. On his second visit he was apprehended, and brought before the tribunal of Rusticus, who lield the office of prrefectus urbi ; and as he refused to offer sacrifice to the gods, he was sentenced to be scourged and beheaded, which sentence appears to have been immediately carried into effect. Several oth- er persons suffered with him. Pajiebroche rejects this accoimt of his martjTdom, and thinks his execution was secret, so that the date and manner of it M'cre never known. The Greek Meiuea (s. d. 1 Junii) state that he drank hemlock. His death is generally considered to have taken place in the persecution mider the emperor Marcus Antoninus ; and the Chronicon Paschale (i, 258, ed. Paris ; 207, ed. Venice ; 482, cd. Boim), which is fol- lowed by TUlemont, Baronius, Pagi, Otto, and other mod- erns, places it in the consulship of Orphitus and Pudens, A.D. 165 ; Dupin, Semisch, and Schaff place it in A.D. 166 ; Fleury in A.D. 167 ; and TUlemont and Maran in A.D. 168. Papebroche {Acta Sanctorum, April, ii, 107), assigning the Ajwlogia Secmida of Justin to the year 171, contends that he must have lived to or beyond that time. Dodwell, on the contrary, following the errone- ous statement of Eusebius in his Chronicon, places his death in the reign of Antoninus Pius ; and Epiphanius, accorduig to the present reading of the passage {adv. Uteres, xlvi, 1), which is most likely corrupt, places it in the reign of the emperor Hadrian or Adrian, a mani- fest error, as the Apologia Prima is addressed to Anto- ninus Pius, the successor of Hadrian, and the Secimda probably to Marcus Aurelius and L.Verus, who succeed- ■» ed Antoninus. The death of Justin has been very com- monly ascribed (compare Tatian, Contra Gi-cecos, c. 19; Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. iv, 16, and Chron. Paschale) to the machinations of the Cynic philosopher Crescens. The enmity of Crescens, and Justin's apprehension of injurj" from him, are mentioned by Justin himself {Apolog. SecmKla,c.3). He has been canonized by the Eastern and Western churches ; the Greeks celebrate his mem- ory' on the 1st of June, the Latins on the 13th of April. At Rome, the Church of St. Lorenzo without the walls is believed to be the resting-place of his remains; but the Church of the Jesuits at Eysstadt, in Germany, claims to possess his body : there is, however, no reason to be- lieve that either claim is well founded. The more com- mon epithet added to the name of Justin by the an- cients is that of " the philosopher" (Epiphanius, I. c. ; Eusebius, Chronicon, lib. ii; Jerome, Be Viiibus Jlliist?: c. xxiii; Chronicon Paschale,\.c.; George SpiceUus. p. 350, 351, ed. Paris; p.279,ed.Venice; Glijcas,yl?w(f/. pars iii, p. 241, ed. Paris ; p. 186, ed. Venice ; p. 449, ed. Bonn) ; that of "'the martyr," now in general use, is employed by Tcrtullian {A dr. Valent. c. 5) , who calls him " philosophus et martyr;" by Photius {Biblioth. cod. 48, 125, 232), and by Joannes Damascenus {Sacra Parcdl. L,754, ed. Le- quien), who, like Tertullian, conjoins the two ejiithets.
Works. — It remains for us to consider the writings of Justin IVIartyr, which, although not very voluminous, so far as they are known to be or to have been extant, are among the most important that hare come down to us ■ from the 2d century, not so much because the}^ are apol- ogetic as because they are the earliest Christian apol- ogies extant. In their classification we follow closely, with Smith {Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog. s. v.), one of thf^i^ latest editors of the works of Justin MartjT, J. F. CT'^ Otto, who makes four distinct classes. ^
(1.) Undisputed Works. — 1. 'ATroAoy/a irpwTi] virep XpKTTiavwv irpiiQ 'AvTUJi'Xvov tov EiitTifSt},. Apologia ■ prima pro Christianis ad Antoninum Pium, mentioned" in the onlj' two known MSS. of the Apologies, and id ' the older editions of Justin, e. g. that of Stephens (Paris, " 1551, foL) and that of Sylburg (Heidelberg, 1 593, folio), 1. . igar* -C, .-
JUSTIX
1106
JUSTIN