To meet these various indications, two places by the name of Kadesh were formerly supposed to exist : but the editor of the Pictorial Bible has shown (note on Numb. XX, 1) that a single Kadesh would answer all the conditions, if placed on the western border of the Arabah, opposite Mt. Hon Accordingly, Dr. Robinson locates it ^t Ain el-Weheh, which he argues coincides with all the circumstances mentioned (^Researches, ii, 168). But this is somewhat too distant from the pass es-Sufa, v/hich is probably the Zephath where the Isra- elites encountered the Canaanites, and on this account Raumer has with greater plausibility fixed Kadesh at Ain es-IIasb (Der Zug der Israeliten, Leipz. 1843, p. 9 sq.). See Exode. Mr. Rowlands, who travelled through this region in 1842, thinks he discovered Kadesh (as weU as numerous other ancient localities in this vicinity) at a place which he calls Ain Kudes (Williams's Holy City, 2d edit., i, 407). A writer in Fairbairn's Dictionary ar- gues at length in favor of this position at Ain Gades, but all his reasoning partakes of the character of special pleading, and rests upon inconclusive grounds. His only real argument is that Kadesh appears to have lain be- tween wady Feiran (Paran) and Engedi (Hazezon-ta- niar), on Chedorlaomer's route (Gen. xiv, 7); but that route is given so vaguely that we can lay no particular stress upon it. The other arguments even tell the other way; especially do the passages adduced go to show that Kadesh was at the extreme east from Shur (Gen. xx, 1) and el-Arish (Numb, xxxiv, 5 ; Josh, xv, 5), and the same was the case with Zin (Numb, xiii, 21 ; xxxiii,30). This position also is avowedly not only inconsistent with the location of Huzeroth at Ain Iludheirah, but even re- quires us to enlarge the borders of Edom far to the west (Numb. XX, 10), and actually to remove Mt. Hor from its well-defined traditionary situation (Deut. i, 2). Capt. Palmer has more lately visited the site thus assumed for Kadesh, and particularly describes it {Quart. Statement of the "Palestine Exploration Fund," Jan. 1871, p. 20 sq.) as "consisting of three springs, or rather shallow- pools, one of them overflowing in the rainy season ;" but his advocacy for the identity adds no additional argu- ment. In fact, the agreement in the name is the only plea of any force. This is counterbalanced by the scrip- tural notices of the position of the place. See Dr. Rob- inson, in the Bihliotheca Sacra, 1840, p. 377 sq. ; also Palmer, Desert of Exodus, ^i. 280; comp. Kitto's Scrip- ture Lands, p. 78-82; Ritter. Krdkunde, xiv, 1077-10S9. Schwarz {Palestine, p. 23) endeavors, from Rabbinical au- thority, to locate Kadesh at a place named by him wady Bierin, about forty-five miles south of Gaza ; but his whole theory is imaginary, besides indicating a posi- tion too far west for this Kadesh, and requiring anotli- er for En-]\Iishpat (p. 214), which is stated by Euscbius and Jerome {Onomast. s. v. K(th]c, B«pi'»';, Cades) to have been in the vicinity of Mt. Hor. From this last statement Stanley (Sinai and Palestine, p. 95) unwar- rantably infers that Kadesh was identical with Petra.
Kadi (Arabic) is among the Mohammedans the title of an assistant judge of civil law, and, like the judge himself (niolla), is classed among the higher clergy, be-
KADKOD
KAFFRES
cause all civil law of the Mussulman is based on the Ko- ran. 8ee Koran.
Kadkod. See Agate.
Kad'miel (Heb. Kadmiel', SX'^^a'll?) ^''fore God, i. c. his servant; Sept. Kai'fiu'jX), one of the Levites who returned with Zerubbabel from the captivity (Neh. xii, 81, and assisted in the various reibrms of that period, being always named in connection with Jcshua (Ezra iii, 9 ; Neh. vii, 43: corap. Ezra iii, 9) ; sometimes only as a descendant in common of Hodaviah (Ezra ii,40 ; Neh. vii, 43 ; comp. Ezra iii, 9), but once as a son (Neh. xii, 24). The length of time over which these notices seem to extend (B.C. 53G-410) leads to the suspicion that they relate to two individuals (perhaps a brother and also a sun of the Levite Jeshua), one of whom may liave been concerned in the earlier events, and the other in the later.
I^ad'monite (Heb. Kadmoni', '^3b'7|2, eastern, as in Ezek. x, 19, etc., or J'ormei-, as in Ezek. xxxviii, 17, etc. ; only once of a nation, collect, in the sing.. Gen. xv, 19; Sept. K£t)/uiij'oIoi,A"ulg. Cedmoncei, A. V. '"Kadmon- ites"), the name of a Canaanitish tribe, who appear to I'.avc tlwelt in the north-east part of Palestine, under JMount Hermon, at the time that Abraham sojourned in the land, and are mentioned in a more than ordinaril|r full list of the aborigines of Canaan (Gen. xv, 19). As the name is derived from D'lJ?, Icedem, " east," it is sup- posed by Dr.AVells and others to denote a people situ- ated to the east of the Jordan, or, rather, that it was a term applied collectively, like "Orientals," to all the people living in the countries beyond that river. At least it may be a term of contrast with the more western Zidonians. As the term lik-ewise signifies ancient, it may designate the older or aboriginal races of that re- gion in' general, who were recognized as the earliest in origin. Both these explanations may be correct, as the Kadmonites are not elsewhere mentioned as a distinct nation ; and the subsequent discontinuance of the term, in the assigned acceptation, may easily be accounted for by the nations beyond the river having afterwards be- come more distinctly kno\^^^, so as to be mentioned by their several distinctive names. See Hivite. The reader may see much ingenious trifling respecting this name in Bochart (Canaan, i, 19) ; the substance of which is that Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, in Bceotia, was originallj' a Kadmonite, and that the name of his wife, Hermione, was derived from jNIount Hermon. By oth- ers the name Kadmonites has been extended as equiva- lent to " the children of the East" C^lp, '^.?2), i. c. those living beyond fhe Euphrates (Ewald, Isr. Gcsch. i, 300) [see Bene-Kedem], and Keland {Piih'.<:tiiia,j\ 94) has sought to identify them with the Nabatlireans of Ara- bia; but these were Ishmaelites. It was probably ap- plied collectively to various tribes, like the Saracens of the jNIiddle Ages or the Bedouins of modern times (Bit- ter, Erdkunde, xv, 138). According to Dr. Thomson, the name is still preserved among the Nusariyeh north of Tripoli, who have a tradition that their ancestors were expelled from Palestine by Joshua, and who seem in physiognomy and manners to belong to the most an- cient inhabitants of the country (Land and Bool; i, 24:2'). See Caxaamte.