Kalonymus ben-Kalonymcs, a Jewish writer of some note, was born in Italy in 1287, but lived for some time in Southern France, and was there picked up by king Robert of Naples, lie returned with the latter to his native land, and filled some important offices in his service. Kalonymus Avas an accomiilished scholar, translated into Hebrew medical, astronomical, and phil- osophical works of the Aral)ians, wrote a number of sa- tirical treatises on the low moral state of his contempo- raries, and labored in this and other ways to ameliorate the miserable condition of his countrymen. lie died about 1^37. The best of his later works is 'n2 '"X, or The Stone of Wcepinfj (Naples, 1489 ; translated into Jewish German, Frkft. 1746). He also edited with great ability a part of the Arabian Encyclopaedia of the Sci- ences (known as "Treatises of the Honest Brethren") for
the use of the Italian Jews. See Gratz, Gesck. d. Juden, vii, 305sq.; Zimz,in GeigeTsZeitsch7-iJ't,u,8l3; iv, 200 sq. ; Fliigel, Zeitschrift der deutsch. Morgenldnd, Gesdlsch, 1859. (J. H. W.)
Kalottinocracy is a new word sometimes used instead of hierarchij. The word is derived from the French cidotta (cap, such as the Roman Catholic clergy wear), and the Greek Ktiartiv (to govern).
Kalpa designates in Hindu chronology the Brah- minical period of one day and night, and corresponds to a period of 4,320,000,000 solar sidereal years, or years of mortals, measuring the diu-ation of the world, and, ac- cording to many, including even the interval of its anni- hilatioii. The Bhavishya-Purdna admits of an infinity of kalpas; other Puranas enumerate tliirty. A great kalpa comprises not a day, but a life of Brahma. In Vedic literature, kalpa is a Vedanga ((j. v.). See Hardy, Manual of Buddhism, p. 1 sq., 7 sq. See Kalpa-Sltra.
Kalpa-Sutra is, in Vedic literature, the name of those Sanscrit works which treat of the ceremonials usual at a Vedic sacritice. See Veda. In Jaina litera- ture it is the name of the most sacred religious work of the Jainas (q. v.). It chiefly relates the legeudarj^ his- tory of Slahavira, the last of their twenty-four deified saints, or Tirthankaras, but contains also an account of four other saints of the same class. The author of the work was Bhadra Bahu, and it was composed, Stevenson assumes, in the year A.D. 411, It is held in high respect by the Jainas, who, out of the eight days which, in the middle of the rains, they devote to the reading of their most sacred writings, allot no less than live to the Kalpa- Sutra. See Stevenson, The Kuljxi-Sutra and Nava Tutva (London, 1848).
Kalteiseil, Hejnrioh, a celebrated Dominican of the 15th century, was born near Coblentz, and educated at Vienna and Cologne. In the latter city he was af- terwards professor of theology, preaching at the same time. Later he removed to Mentz, and became general inquisitor of Germany. He was present at the Council of Basle, and took quite a prominent part in the delib- erations against the Hussites. He was one of the four doctors on the Roman CathoUc sitle who disputed with the Bohemians. See Hussites; Basle, Council of. In 1443 pope Eugenius IV made him Magister sacri Pa- latii, and in 1452 pope Nicholas V created him arch- bishop of Drontheim. He died in 1465. Kalteisen's literary abilities are general!}^ spoken of as moderate. He wrote much, but little has been published. See Basnage-Canisius, Led. Antiq. iv, 628 sq. ; Quetif and Echard, Script. Ord. Freed, ii, 828 ; Schrijchk, Kirchen- rjesch. xxxiv, 707 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lex. y'l, 15.
Kama, the Hindu dera or deity of Love, one of the most pleasing creations of Hindu fiction, is, in the San- scrit poetty of later periods, the favorite theme of de- scriptions and allusions. The genealogy of this deitA' is quite obscure ; according to some Puranas, he was orig- inalh' a son of Brahma ; according t(S others, a son of Dharma (the genius of Virtue), In' Sraddha (the ge-r nius of Faith), herself a daughter of Daksha, who was one of the mind-born sons of Brahma. Tlie god Siva, being on one occasion greatly incensed at Kama, re- duced him to ashes; but ultimately, moved by the af- fliction of Rati (Voluptuousness), the wife of Kama, he promised her that her husband should be reborn as a son of Krishna, and he was accordingly born under the name of Pradi/umna, who was the god of Love. " But when the infant was six days old it was stolen from the lying-in chamber bj- the terrible diemon Sainbara ; for the latter foreknew that Pradyumna, if he lived, would be his destroyer. The boy was thrown into the ocean, and swallowed by a large fish. Yet he did not die, for that fish was caught by fishermen, and delivered to Mayavati, the mistress of Sambara's household ; and, when it was cut open, the child was taken from it. While INIayavati wondered who this coiUd be, the di- vine sage Narada satisfied her curiosity, and counselled
KAMA
KAMI
her to rear tenderly this offspring of Krishna. She act- ed as lie advised her; and when Pradyumna grew up, and learned his own history, he slew the diemon Sam- bara. Mayavati, however, was later apprized by Krish- na that she was not the wife of Sambara, as she had fancied herself to be, but tliat of Prad3'unma — in fact, another form of IJati, who was the wife of Kama iu his former existence. In the representations of Kama we find him holding in one hand a bow made of sugar-cane, and strung with bees, in the other an arrow tipped with the blossom of a tlower which is supposed to con- quer one of the senses. His standard is, agreeably to the legend above mentioned, a fabulous fish, called Ma- kara ; and he rides on a parrot or sparrow — the sjtnbol of voluptuousness. His epithets are numerous, but easi- ly accounted for from the circumstances named, and from the effects of love on the mind and senses. Thus he is called MaJcaradhwaja, * the one who has Makara in his banner;' Mada, 'the maddener,' etc. His wife, as before stated, is Rati; she is also called Kajnakala, ' a portion of Kama,' or Prifi, ' affection.' His daugh- ter is Trisha, 'thirst or desire;' and his son is Anirud- dha, ' the irresistible.' " — Chambers, Cyclop, s. v. See Midler, Chips, vol. ii, ch. i, especially p. 127-135; Voll- raer, Mythol. Worferbuck, p. 1008.