(4) Relu/ion within the Limits of Pure Reason, — This is Kant's theology, and is the most unsatisfactory of aU his efforts. It was an attempt to reconstruct the foun- dations of religious belief, which had been sapped and in great measure overthrown by his critical investiga- tions. It was the work of his old age, and at all periods of his life he seems to have been at least as deficient in religious sentiment as in emotional imagination, which is closely aUied to it. The work provoked much oppo- sition at the time of its appearance, and caused the only serious annoyance of his life. It scandalized many re- ligions minds, it was dangerouslj' consonant Avith the revolutionarj' infidelity of France, and it presented the point of departure for the German rationalism of the 19th centurj% It treats the revelations of Scripture in regard to the fall of man, to his redemption, and to his restoration as a moral allegon,', the data for which are supplied by the consciousness of depravity, and of dere- liction from the strict principles of duty. It is Strauss in the germ. It is utterly inconsistent Avith any scheme of religion, and serves to show Kant's profound sense of the insulHciency of his own doctrine for the solution of the highest enigmas of humanity. The ttou (xrui — the solid locus standi was wanting to his elaborate system. The philosophy was wholly critical in its procedure, and negative in its results. It weakened or undermined those intuitive convictions— inexplicable, but irrefraga- ble—which enable man " to walk by faith, and not by sight."
This notice is too brief to allow the exhibition of the incongruities or fallacies of the transcendental sj-stem, or the suggestion of rectifications, as it has been too brief for any detaile<l account of the several p.irts of his com- plex and elaborate scheme. That scheme is a wonder-
KANTOPLATONISM
17
KARAITES
fill monument of patient industrj', acute discernment, perspicacious analysis, and of bold and honest thought. It was soon felt to be unsatisfactory, and it engendered new swarms of speculative heresies ; but its influences must be souglit in Rosenkranz's history of Kant's doc- trine, and in other treatises on the history of German speculation.
Literature. — The bibliography of Kant's philosophy would make the catalogue of an extensive Ubrarj-, and would include nearly everything in the highest branch- es of metaphysics which has ajjpeared since tlie pubU- cation of the Critique of Pure Reason. In all the gen- eral histories of modern specidation, much space is of course conceded to this suVyect. The following treatises may be examined with advantage. Kant, Wei'ke, of course. The best editions are that of Hartenstein (Leip- zig, 1838-9, 10 vols.), and that of Rozenkranz and Sclui- bert (Leipzig, 18i0-42, 11 vols.), including a fidl biogra- phy-of the philosopher by Schubert, and an elaborate appreciation of the relations and influences of the phi- losophy by Rosenkranz. It gives also a chronological catalogue of Kant's multifarious writings. Recent trans- lations into English are those of his Critik of Pure Rea- son, by Hayward (Lond. 1848, 8vo), and by Meiklejohn (Lond. 1856, 8vo) ; of his 31et(iplii/sics of Ethics, by Sem- ple (Lond. 1850, 8vo) ; of his Theory of Relif/ion, by the same (Lond. 1858, 8vo). There are biographies by Bo- rowsky (1804 : this was revised by Kant) ; by Wasian- sky, his private secretary, giving an account of liis last years (1804); by Jachmann (1804); by Hasse (1804); and the ablest by Kunotisclien of Jena (1800). For the appreciation of the doctrine the following works may be consulted: Nitzsch, Genei-al and Introductorn View (Lond. 1790) ; Schmidt-Phiseldek, Expositio Philosoph. Crit. (Hafa. 1790); Jlellin, Encydop. Diet, of the Kan- tian Philogoph'i (1797, 6 vols.); Vi^i\[\ch. Elements of the Critical Philosophy (London, 1798); Yiilers, Philosophic de Kant (jMetz, 1801) ; Degerando, Hist. Comp. de Phi- losophie (Paris, 1804) ; Wirgman, Principles of the Kan- tesian Philosophy (London, 1824 — a recomposition of an able article contributed to the Encyclopwdia Londinen- sis in 1812); Cousin, /.efo«s sur la Philosophie de Kant (Paris, 1842 ; translated by A. G. Henderson, Lond. 1871, 8vo) ; ^livciXiJch, Sketches of Modern Philosophy (1842); Barchou de Penhoen, //ts<. f?e la Phil. Allemande depuis Leibnitz jusqua Ilegel (Paris, 1837, 2 vols.) ; Erdmann, Gesch. der neueren Philosophie ; Michelet, Geschichte des letzten Systems ; Willra, Histoire de la Philosophie A lle- mande (Paris, 1847, 4 vols.) ; Morell, Philosophy of the Idth Century (1848) ; Chalybteus, Histor. Entwicktlun/j d. spekulatifen Philosophie von Kant his Her/el (4th edit. Leipz. 1848) ; E. Remhold, Gesch. d. Philos. (4th ed. Jena, 1854), vol. iii ; Lewes, History Philos. (3d ed. 1871, 2 vols. 8vo), vol. ii; Hurst's Hagenbach, CAm/t/i Ilist. ISth and mh Ce«f. (N. York, 1870, 2 vols.Svo), lect.iv, sq.; Far- rar, Crit. Hist, of Free Thought. Very instructive no- tices of Kant and his philosophy are contained in tlie North British Revieir, vol. x, the Encyclopmdia Bi'itan- nica, and in Apjileton's A merican Cyclopmlia. The crit- icisms of Dugald Stewart in the Supplement to tlie Ency- clop. Brifannira are wholly unsatisfactory. (G. F. H.)
Kantoplatonism, the French term for a new mode of philosophizing which inclines to Idealistn (q. v.). The Kantoplatonists are considered an offspring of the Platonic and Kantian schools of philosopliy. The representative of Kantoplatonism is Cousin (q. v.).
Kanute. See Denmark.