Kirkwood, Rokkut, a Presbyterian minister,- born in Paisley, Scotland, !May 25, 179.'?,,was educated in Glas- gow College, and studied divinity with liev. jdhn Dick, D.I)., at Theological Hall, (Jlasgow. He was licensed in 18-28. In response to a jircssing call for ministerial workers in New York, he went thither and connected
himself with the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, under the I^Iissionary Society of which he laboreil un- til 1830, when he became pastor at Cortlandville, N. Y. He officiated there and at Auburn and Sandbeach, N. Y., until 1839, and then served as a domestic missionary for seven years in Illinois. For the next eleven years he labored as agent for the Bible and Tract Societies. In 1857 he transferred his connection from the Reformed to the Presbyterian Church, and settled at Y'onkers, N. Y., devoting the remainder of his life to literary labors. He died August 26, 1866. In addition to numerous con- tributions to the Christian Intelligencer, New York Ob- server, and The Presbyterian, he published Lectui-es on the Millennium (New Y'ork, 1855) : — Universalism Ex- plained (New Y'ork, 1856) : — .4 Plea for the Bible (New York, 1S60 ; a very (lopular work and extensively sold) : — Illustrations of the Offices of Christ (New Y'ork, 1862; a practical treatise on divine influences); together with a selection of sermons. Mr. Kirkwood having enjoyed the superior advantages of instruction by the distin- guished Dr. Dick, was thoroughly and systematically trained in the great evangelical doctrines. His preacli- ing was ciiaracterized by a practical scriptural tone. "His only peculiarity of doctrine was his pre-millennial views, in which, however, as his work on this subject shows, he was moderate, cautious, and never went to the extreme of fixing the time and seasons, which the Fa- ther hath put in his own power." — Wilson, Presb. His- torical A hnanac.
Kir-Mo'ab (lUh. Kir-Modb', 'Z^r:t—i''p.fortress of Moab [see Kir]; Isa. xv, 1; Sept. to thxoq riig MwafSiTtSoc, Vulg. murus Moab, Auth. Vers. " Kir of :^Ioab"), usually KIR-HEEES (Heb. Kir-che'res, -T^p b"iri, brick forfi-ess, Jer. xlviii, 31, 36; Sept. Keipdcic, Yulg. murus flat ills ; in pause bl'^H "l"'p, Isa. xvi, 11; Sept. TtixoQ o tVfKrtij'((T«f, Vulgate murus cocti lateris, Auth.Vers. '• Ivir-haresh")," or KIR-H ARESETH (Heb. Kir-Chare' seth, rib"in~"l"'p, id., Isa. xvi, 7; Sept. oi KaroiKovvTii; 2£3, Vulgate muri cocti lateris; in pause riiy'nn "i^p;, 2 Kings iii. 25; Sept. to Ti~ixoc,\w\'^nta 7?i?/;i/(rf27e.«, Auth.Vers. "Kir-haraseth"), one ofthe two strongly fortified cities in the territory of Moab, the other being Ar of IMoab. Joram, king of Israel, took the city, and destroyed it, except the walls (2 Kings iii, 25) ; but it appears from the passages here cited that it must have been rebuilt before the time of Isaiah, anil again ravaged by the Babylonians. In his pro]ihecr (xv, 1), the Chaldee paraphrast has put SNTCT ^^2 "3, kerakka de-Moab, " the castle of Moab;" and the former of these words, pronounced in Arabic karak, kcrak, or k'rak, is the name it bears in 2 Mace, xii, 17 (XapaKO, Characci), in Steph. Bj-zant. {\apaKj.iw(ia, Characnio- ba), in Ptolemy (v, 17, 5, XapaKio/^ta, Churacoma'), in Abulfeda {T(tb. Syr. p. 89), and in the historians of the Crusades. Abulfeda (who places it twelve Arabic miles from Ar-JIoab) describes Kerak as a small town, with a castle on a high hill, and remarks that it is so strong that one must deny himself even the wish to take it by force (comp. 2 Kings iii. 25\ In the time of the Cru- sades, and when in possession of the Franks, it was in- vested by Saladin; but, after lying before it a month, he was compelled to raise the siege (Boh.-eddin, Vita Saladin. p. 55). The Crusaders had erected here a for- tress still known as Kerak, which formed one of the centres of operations for the Latins east of the Jordan. On the capture of these at length by Saladin after a long siege, in A.D. 1188, the dominion of the Franks over this territory ceased (Wilken, Kreuzz. iv, 244-247). " It was then the chief city of .4 i-abia Secunda or Petra- censis ; it is specified as in the Belka, and is distinguish- ed from ']Moab' or 'Rabbat.' the ancient Ar-]Moab, and from the Mons reyalis (Scludtens, Index Geoyr. s. v. Ca- racha ; see also the remarks of Gcsenius, Jesaia, i, 517, and liis notes to the (Jerman translation of Burckhardt). The Crusaders, in error, believed it to be Petra, and that
KIR-MOAB
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KISIIION