vols. 8vo) : — Lectures on the Religious History of the P,la~ vonic Nations (London, 1849, 8vo) : — Sketch of the Rdiy- ious History of the Slavonian Nations (Edinb. 1851, 8vo) : — Treatise on Relics, by J. Calvin, newly translated from the French original, with an Introductory Dissertation on tlie Miraculous Images of the Roman Catholic and Russo-Greek Churches (1854, 8vo). He published also some works and pamphlets on secular and recent politi- cal subjects, especially on those connected with the res- toration of Poland. See English Cyclop, s. v. ; British and For. Ev. Rev. 1845, p. 502 ; Jenkins, Life of Cardi- nal Julian (Preface).
Kraus, Christian Jacob, a German philosopher, was born at Osterode July 28, 1753, entered the Uni- versity of Kijnigsberg in 1771, studied first theology and later mainly metaphysics; in 1779 went to Gottin- gen ; was appointed professor of philosophy at the Uni- versity in Konigsberg in 1781, and died there Aug. 25, 1807. His writings were published under the title Ve7-- mischte Schriften (Kiinigsb. 1808-12, 7 vols. 8vo) ; etc. — Kutholische Real-Encyklopddie, vi, 397.
Kraus, Johann Baptist, a German Roman Cath- olic theologian, was Ijorn at Regensburg Jan. 12, 1700, entered the Benedictine order in 1715, and in 1721 was sent by his superior to Paris to study in the convent St. Germain under Montfaucon and Guarin ; returned to Germany in 1724, and was ordained priest. In 1725 he was appointed to St. Emmtran Convent, and remained there untU his death, June 14, 1762. Kraus was a de- cided Roman Catholic, rather ultramontane in his views, and hardly suited for the liberal German associations which surrounded him. He battled earnestly in behalf of his sect, and opposed vigorously the liberal tendency of the Benedictine Rothfischer, who had frankly confess- ed the failings of some of the institutions of the Romish Church. For a list of the works of Kraus, see Dtiring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlands, ii, 189 sq.
Krause, Friedrich August Wilhelm, a Ger- man doctor in philosophy, was born at Uobrihigk in 1 767, and nourished at Vienna, where he died March 24, 1827. He published Pauli ad Co7-inthios epistolce Or., perpetua annotatione illustrafce, vol. i (Franc, ad ]\Ioen. 1792) ; intended as a continuation of Koppe's New Tes- tament, but never carried further. He had previously published Bie Briefe an die Philipp. itnd Thessal. iiher- setzt und mit Anmerk. begleitit (Frankfort, 1790).— Kitto, Biblical Cyclopcedia, s. v.
Krause, Johann Christian Heinrich, a Ger- man divine, was born at Quedlinburg Aiiril 29, 1757, and entered the University of Jena in 1775. Four j^ears later he began lectures at the University of Giittingen, but in 1783, on account of straitened circumstances, went to Jever as rector, and in 1792 was called to a like posi- tion at Hanover. He died Jan. 12, 1828. For a list of his works, see Dciring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlands. ii, 193 sq.
Krause, Johann Friedrich, a German theolo- gian, was born at Reichenbach Oct. 26, 1770, and was educated at Wittenberg University, where, after secur- ing the master's degree, he lectured a short time. In 1793 he was called to his native place as diaconus, and in 1802 the city of Naumburg called him as preacher to the cathedral. In 1810 he went to the Universit}' of Konigsberg to fill a professorship in theology, which po- sition he held until 1819, when he accepted a call as preacher to Weimar, and there he died. May 31, 1820. Krause's writings consist of several academical pro- grammes, two on the Epistle to the Philippians, one on the first E]3istle of Peter, and four on the second Ejiistle to the Corinthians, and of some discussions pertaining to philosojihy and theology. They were collected by him, and issued together under the title Opusciila Theo- logic.a, sparsim edita collegit, ineditisque (Dixit, etc. (Re- giom. 1818). His sermons he published under the title Predigten iiher die geicohnlichen Sonn- u. Eesttagserange- lien des ganzen Jahres (Lpzg, 1803, 2 vols. 8vo ; vol. iii,
KRAUSE
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ibid, 1805, 8vo). See Doring, Geh-hrte Theol. Deutsch- lands, vol. ii, s. v.
Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich, a (ierman l)liilosn]iluT, born in Eisfiiberi; INIay (i, 17.^1, was edu- cated at the University of Jena, where he attended the lectures of Keinhold, Fichte, and Schelling, and then lect- ured as "privat docent" from 1802 to 1804. In order to devote himself to the wide range of studies which he deemed necessary to give completeness to his philosoph- ical system, more especially to studies in art, he quitted Jena, and resided successively in Eudolfstadt, Dresden, and Berlin. He made several journeys through Ger- many, France, and Italy, and lectured at CJiittingen from 1824 to 1831, when he retired to Munich. ''The aim of his speculations was to represent the collective life of man as an organic and harmonious unity ; and he con- ceived the scheme of a public and formal union of man- kind, which, embracing the Church, State, and all other partial unions, should occupy itself only Avitli the inter- ests of abstract humanity, and shoulrl labor for a uniform and \iniversal development and cidture. The germ of such a union he thought he found in freemasonry, to which he rendered great service by his works." He died in Munich Sept. 27, 1832, Among his works are Vorlesunijen iiber das Si/stem der Philosophie (Gottingen, 1828, 8vo): — Abriss der Religionsphilosophie (1828) : — and Vorlesiinr/en iiber die Grundwahrheiten der Wissen- schafl (Gottingen, 1829). See Krug, Philosophisches Lexikon, ii, 642 ; Kathol. Real-EiicijMopddie, vi, 398, 399 ; Appleton's Xeio A mer. Ci/clopmdia, x, 217. (J. H. W.)