11 , 1 2 seem
hl'ch is mounted
LxVDD
191
LADDER
was bom in 1820. AV^hcn only eight years of age he showed marked indications of piety, but it was not until his fifteenth year that he joined the Church, imder the ministry of the Rev. Dr. George Sliephard, now professor in Haugor Theological Seminary. With a view to pre- pare for the ministry', he entered Bowdoin CoUege at the age of seventeen, and graduated witli honor in 18-11 ; then studied theology at Bangor Seminary, and was or- dained at Farmingtoii in 184G. In Nov., 1851, he re- ceived and accepted a call from the Penn Presbyterian Churcli, Philadelphia, Pa. During the war he labored incessantly for the good of the soldiers, but fell a prey to disease contracted in the camps, whither he had gone several times, and died JiUy 7, 1862. See Wilson, Presb. Historical Almanac, 1863, p. 184.
Ladd, William, an American philanthropist, born at Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1778, was one of the orig- inators of the American Peace Society, of which he be- came president. He died in 1841. Ladd was editor of the Friend of Peace and the ]Iarhinger of Peace, and wrote several essays on that subject.
Ladder (U^'0,sullam', a staircase, Yi^rh.irom ?50, to raise up ; Sept. (cAi/za^ ; the Arab, sullumun has the
Aucieut Assyrians assaulting a City with Ladders,
same signification") occurs only once, in the account of Jacob's vision in his dream at Bethel (Gen. xxviii, 1"2), where the '"ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven ; and behold, the angels of God as- cending and descending on it," represented the Gospel dispensation, the blessings of which the patriarch's pos- terity -were to inherit; the Kedeemer himself being this mystic channel of intercoiu-se between heaven and earth (John i, 51). (See Lang, Visio Scahe Jacob, Alt. IGtIO ; Schramm, Ds Scala Jucobaa, F. ad 0. 17 — .) Scaling- ladders for war (K\ifj.aKic) are mentioned in the Apoc- rypha (1 Mace. V, 30). That this was a contrivance known from the earliest times, we have abundant evi- dence on the moniunents of Thebes, where attacks ou fortified places are represented as being made by soldiers provided with scalmg-ladders (Wilkinson, i, 390). (For illustration, see opposite page.) Similar scenes are fre- quently depicted on the Assyrian monuments (Lavard, Nineveh, ii, 284). See Fortification.
LADDER OF TYRUS, the (// KXi/ta4' 'Yvpov ; Yidg. a terminis Ti/ri, possibly reading (cXi'^ta), one of the ex- tremities (the northern) of the district over which Si- mon MaccabiBUS was made captain (crrpnr?/ydf) by An- tiochus YI (or Theos) very shortly after his coming to the throne ; the other being '' the borders of Egypt" (1 Mace, xi, 59). The Ladder of Tyro (ba H'ob^.Q "iVS, see lleland, PalcEst. p. 343), or of the Tyrians (// KXi/xa'^, tiov Tv~ iHbiv), was the local name for a high mountain, the highest in that neighborhood, a hundred stadia nortli of Ptolemais, the modern Akka or Acra (Josephus, War, ii, 10, 2). The rich plain of Ptole- mais is bounded on the north by a rugged mountain ridge which shoots out from Lebanon and dips perpendicularly into the sea, fonn- ing a bold promontory about 300 feet in height (Russegger, p. 3, 143, 262 ; Ritter, Palest, unci xVy /•. iii, 727, 814 sq.). The waves beat against the base of the cliff, leaving no pas- sage below. In ancient times a road was carried, by a series of zigzags and staircases, over the summit, to connect the plain of I'tolemais with Tyre — hence the origin of the name Scala Ttp-iorum, " Ladder of Tyre." It was the southern ]iass into Phoe- nicia proper, and formed the bound- ary between that country and Pal- estine (Kenrick, Phnenicia, p. 20 ; Reland, p. 544). The road still re- mains, and is the only one along the coast. A short distance from it is a little village called Naknrah, and the pass is now called lias en- Xaldirah ("the excavated prom- ontory"), doubtless from the njad ivhicli has been '• hewn in the rock" (Porter, //anrffiooZ-, p. 389; see also Pococke, i, 79 ; Robinson. Bib. Res. iii, 89; Stanley, p. 200, 262). The location of the Itas en-Nakhurah agrees very nearly with the above jwsition defined by Josephus, as it lies 10 miles, or about 120 stadia, from Akka, and is characterized by tra^'cllers as ver\' high and steep. P>oth the Ras en-Nakhnrah and the Has cl-A bi/ad, i. e. the White Cape, sometimes called Cape Blanco, a lieadland six miles still farther north, are surmounted by a path
LADISLAS
192
LADISLAUS
cut in zigzags ; that over the latter is attributed to Al- exander the Great. It is possibly from this circum- stance that the latter is by some travellers (Irby, Oct. 21; Wilson, ii, 232 ; Van dc Velde,i)/e?)zoj>, p. 340; etc.) treated as the ladder of the Tyrians. But by the early and acciurate Jewish traveller, hajj-Parchi (Zunz, in Baij. ofTudda, p. 402), and in our own times by llobin- son (iii, 82), MisUn (Zes Saints Lieux, ii, 9). Schwarz (p. 7(5), Stanley QSi/r. and Pal. p. 2G4), the Kas en-Nakhu- rah is identified with the ladder ; the last-named travel- ler pointing out well that the reason for the name is the fact of its '• differing from Carmel in that it leaves no beach between itself and the sea, and thus, by cutting off all communication round its base, acts as the natural barrier between the Bay of Acre and the maritime plain to the north — in other words, betw-een I'alestine and Phtt-nicia" (comp. p. 260). — Smith; Kitto.