Lha-rL (god mountain"), witli a fine temple; there is an- otlier sacred place in the metropolis of Khani ; others at Issha-mDo (two ways), Djaya, etc., with printing- offices; many others on the roads to Pekin, besides the northern raonasterj'; all containing an incredible num- ber of monks, under Khntukhtus and lower lamas; so that father Hue counts 3000 monasteries in U alone; others «4,000 monies in U, Tsang, and Kham, of the yellow .sect, hermits, beggars, and vagaljonds not in- cluded. About 120 miles south-west from Lassa, near the confluence of the Painora with the great gTsang- p(>-t.shhu (Sanpn), is the second metropolis of Lamaism, viz. liKra-,Shiss-Lhun-po (mount of grace), also called bLabrang. with five great cenobies, many temples, pal- aces, mausoleums, pj^amids, and the like. In the neigh- boring city there is a Chinese garrison. About midway between the two bLa-brangs there are three rocky isl- ands in a lake, called gYang-brog (happy desert ; Yam- bro on English maps), which contain temples, a mag- nificent palace, and thousands of monks and nuns, sub- ject to the rUo-rDje-Phag-mo (saint, or adamantine sow), a female Khutukhtu, who becomes incarnated 'Nvith a figure of a sow's snout on her neck, in consequence of her having escaped from Lassa during the troubles of the regency in tlie shape of that animal. The Cliinese believe her to be the incarnate Ursa INIajor. On the road to Nepaul there are tlie sNar-thang monastery, where the Kanjur was printed; and Ssaskya, mentioned above, no\v the see of the red-capped Gong-rDogss (high lord) liin-po-tshhe, who is hereditary. On the road to Bhotau are the monasteries Kisu and Gantum Gumba of Turner, and many others, swarming with lamas, some filletl with Ainils (nuns). Bhotan is subject to the Da- lai, but there are also three red-capped Ein-po-tshhe. The metropolis is bKra-Shiss Tshoss rDsong (gloria sa- lutis tideique arx. Turner's Tassisudon), under an incar- nate great lama and a secular Uharma-raja, who rules over six districts, with about 10,000 lamas and 45,000 families. In Sikkim the aboriginal Leptchas have many mendicant lamas who practice magic, the other tribes being pure Buddhists. Buddhism flourished in Nepaul as early as the 7tli century of our a»ra. It now exists there with Brahminism and Mohammedanism, so that Neiiaul has also a double literature. In Kunawar, and elsewhere on the Upper Sutlej, there are many great monasteries of both the yellow and the red caps, living in ]ieace with each other. At Sungnam there is a great liljrary, a printing establishment, and a gigantic statue of Buddha. Ladakh became Buddhist before our oera; its history is even less known than that of Thibet. Al- though invaded by Moslems (about 16u0), it has many lamas, both male and female. In China there are two Buddhistic sects, viz. that of Fo, since A.D. 65, fostered by the government, very numerous, but without hierar- chy, each monastery beuig under an abbot, who is a cit- izen of the I'ith class; and the Lamaists, organized, as in Thibet, under the ministry of foreign affairs, with three Kliutnkhtus at Pekin, one of whom is attached to t!ie court, while another's diocese is in South Mongolia, and the third governs the central one of their great monasteries. The most celebrated temples in the eigh- teen provinces are one on the U-tai-shan (five-topped mountain), in Shan-si. and one in Yuiuian. In Si-fan. or Tangut, aliout the Koko-Xor, Lamaism flourished under tlie Ilia at the close of the 'Jth century. The great reformer was incarnated in Amdo. The great cenoby of ssKubum was visited and endowed by Khang- hi, and has a celebrated luiiversity. Mongolia is the paradise of lamas, they forming about one eighth of its population. Its patriarch, the Gegen - Khutukhtu. a Bodhisattwa of ^L•xitreya, is eipuil in rank to both Thi- betan ]M)i)es, resides at Urga. on the road between Tekin and Kiachta, lat. 48= 20', with about 20,000 monks, and has attained the liighest Khnbilghanism by sixteen incarnations, having been first the son of Altan Kha- klian of the Khalkas, and having once died (1839), after a vi,->it to Pekin, cither by poison or from licentiousness.
The Urgan cenoby owns about 30,000 families of slaves. The cathedral at Kuku Khotun, among the Turned, is under an incarnate patriarch, now second to the pre- ceding. Most cenobies and temples now extant in Mon- golia were built or restored after the second conversion. A Khutukhtu rules over the celebrated establishment of the ' five towers.' Dyo Naiman Ssuma, the summer residence of the second Pekin Khutukhtu, contains 108 temples and a famous manufactory of idols. INIanv other abodes of lamas are scarcely inferior to those we have mentioned. The desert of Gobi contains many such establishments. Sungaria contains numerous ruins of Lamaism, on the Irtish and elsewhere, among which those of Ablai-Klit, near Usk-Kamenogorsk, are most renowned, because the first fragments of the holy canon were brought thence to Europe about 1750. The Tor- guts have built many sacred places since their return from the west. A few lamas were found among the Burj'iits (in Kussia), near Lake Baikal, about IGO years ago, as missionaries from LTrga. Now almost all of them south of the lake are Lamao-Shamanites, and have wooden temples. The Calmucks between the Don, Volga, and LIral arc forbidden to maintain intercourse with the Delai, although they keep up a Lamaic wor- ship in Shitiini-urgas (church tents)!'