Government. — " Since the restoration of the power of the Dalai by the emperor Khian-lung, all the decrees of government are issued in the name of each of the two high lamas, in their respective dioceses ; but the real power is in the hands of the emperor, whose two Ta- tchin (great mandarins) reside at Lassa, with Chinese garrisons in the neighborhood, to watch both the ocean of holiness and the Tsang-vang, who, as vicar of the em- peror, administers the affairs of the country. The lower offices only are hereditary'. The annual tribute of the two high lamas is carried every third year to I'ekin by caravans" (Appleton, Cyclo])adia, s. v.).
Literature. — See, besides the sacred books mentioned above, and the works eited under Buddhisji, A. Cun- ningham, Ladal; Physical, Statistical, and Historical (London, 1854) ; Csomii de Koros, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal, i, 121-269; ii, 57, 201, 388; iii, 57; iv, 142; v, 264, 384; vii (pt. i), 142; xx, 553-585; Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, ii, 88 sq. ; Hue et (jahat, Souvenirs d'lin Voyage dans la Tartaric, le Thibet, et la Chine (Paris, 1852) ; Hodgson, Illustrations of the Literature and Religion of the Buddhists (Serampore, 1841); Kcippen (Fr.), Die Lamaische Jlierarchie, etc. (Berlin, 1859); Schlagintweit, jB»(/<//m-?H in Tibet (Lpzg, and London, 18G3). See Thibet. (J. T. G.)
La Marck, Evrard de, cardinal bishop and lord of Liege, was born about 1475. His personal qualities, as well as the services rendered to the Church of Liege by his ancestors, caused him to be chosen bishop of that citj- in 1506. He at once ap])lied to Kome for approba- tion, and, on the reception of the papal buU of installa- tion by pope Julius II, repaired to Liege, where he was received with great enthusiasm. He confirmed the privileges of the city, which he governed with such wisdom that, while war was raging outside, his diocese continued to enjoy undisturbed peace. He restored the old discipline of St. Hubert, first bishop of Liege, and devoted himself to the spiritual and temporal improve- ment of his charge. In acknowledgment of services he had rendered to Louis XII in the affairs of Italy, he was made bishop of Chartres. Francis I even promised to procure him a cardinal's hat, but a protege of the duchess of Angouleme obtaining it in his stead, he en- tered in 1518 uito the league of Austria against France, antl even warred against his own brother, Kobert de la Marck, who had made peace with Francis I. In the Diet of Frankfort he advocated the nomination of Charles V as emperor of (iermany, and was rewarded with the archbishopric of Valencia. In 1521 he was created car- dinal, and thereafter became a zealous opponent of the Keformation. According to Abraham Bzovius, he ap- pointed in each district men on whom he could relj- to
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ferret out and punish all heretics. A great many were found and punished by exile or death, while their pos- sessions were sequestered. He is said to have cruelly tortured Protestant theologians. He had at lirst wel- comed Erasmus, who dedicated to him his paraphrase on the Ei)istle to the Romans, but turned about and called him a heathen and a publican when he saw him incline towards the new doctrines. In 1529 he was called to Cambrai, where the Ladies' Peace was con- cluded. In 153-2 he equipped at his own expense a body of troops to war against the Turks. Appointed legate o latere in 1533, he labored with new zeal to uproot all heresy. For this object he assembled a synod at Liege in 1538, but the priests, dissatisfied with his austerity, declared against him. He hoped to subdue their oppo- sition, but suddenly died, Feb. IG, 1538. See Chapeau- ville, Hist, des Cardinaux, vol. iii, ch. v and vi ; Auber, Ilistoire des Cardinaux, iii, 331 , Louis Doni d'Attichy, Flares Cardinalium, vol. iii; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene- rule, xxix, 52. (,T. N. P.)
La Marck, Jean Baptists Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de, a very distinguished French naturalist, deserves a iilace here on account of his connection with the celebrated theory of the " Va- riation of Species," lately so generally made known by the English naturalist Darwin. See Man, Origin of. La IMarck was born at Barcnton, in Picardy, Aug. 1 , 1744, and was intended for the Church ; he entered, however, the army, but accidental injury led him to adopt the mercantile profession. During his leisure hours he studied the natural sciences, and in 1778 finally came before the public with a work on botany, which secured him the position of botanist to the king. In 1793 he was made a professor of natural history in the " Jardin des Plantes." He died Dec. 20, 1829. His greatest work is his Ilistoire des Animuux sans Vertebres (Paris, 1815-22, 7 vols. 8vo; 2d ed. Paris, 1835, etc.). In Phi- losophie Zoolof/ique (Paris, 1809, 2 vols. 8vo), and some other of his productions, he advanced extremely specu- lative views, which, since Darwin's rise, have become the consideration of scientific scholars. So much is cer- tain, that La JNIarck was the first (if we except a few obscure wortls of Buffon towards the close of his life) to advocate " Variation of Species." For a more detailed account and a complete list of his works, see Hoefer, Nouv. Bior/. Gi'iierale, xxix, 55-G2). (J. H. W.)