Lambert, Jolin, an English reformer, lived in the reign of Henry the Eighth, and was for a time minister of an English company at Antwerp. After his return to England he was charged with heresy because he re- jected the dogma of transubstantiation. He was tried before the king and bishops, and, upon refusing to recant, was burned at Smithfield, Nov. 20, 1538. Lambert was distinguished for his learning. He wrote a Treatise on the Lord's Supper (edited by John Ball, London, 1538, Ifimo) : — Treatise on Predestination and Flection (Can- terbury, 1550, 8vo). See Burnet, ///*•/. of the Reforma- tion, i, 406 ; AUibone, Diet. Brit, and A mer. A uthors, ii, 1051.
Lambert, Joseph, a French ecclesiastic and mor- alist, was born in I'aris in 1654. He took sacred or- ders when thirty years old, and nourished afterwards as jirior of Saint-Martin-de-Palai.seau. He died January 31, 1722. Among his best works are L'Annee eranr/el- ique, oil homilies sur les Evangiles (Paris, 1()93-1697, 7 vols. 12mo, and often) : — Instruction sur le s/pnbole (Par. 1728, 2 vols. 12mo, and often). See, for a full list of his writings, lloefer, .Xotn: Biog. Generale, xxix, 150.
Lambert, Ralph, D.D., a prelate of the Church of England, lived in the latter part of the 18th century. He was successively dean of Uawn, and bishop of Dro- more and of Meath. He is noted especially for his plea ill favor of depriving Presbyterian ministers of all power to celebrate marriage. Some of his Sermons were pub- lished in 1693, 1702, and 1703. The date of his death,
or other particulars of his life, are not at hand. — AUi- bone, Diet. Brit, and A mer. A uthors, ii, 1052 , Keid, Ilist. Irish Presb. Church, iii, 38.
Lambert, St., de, Charles Francois, marquis, a noted French infidel and poet, a coutemporarj' and co- laborer of Voltaire on the French Fnci/clopadia (q. v.), was born at Yezelise, in Lorraine, in 1716 or 1717. About 1750 he went to Paris, and soon found associates in Kousseau, Voltaire, Grimm, and other celebrated French infidels of Voltaire's day. He became esjieciaUy celebrated as a poet, his productions were greatly lauded by Voltaire, and, finally, he was made a member of the French Academy. As a philosopher, however, he did not really appear before the public until 1797, when he published Les Principes des Moeuis chez toutes les na- tions, ou Catechisme vniversel (1797-1800). He died Feb. 9, 1803. St. Lambert's personal liistory fully coin- cides with the doctrines he espoused. Ignoring all need of religion, his morals were truly Epicurean, and we need not wonder to find that his celebrity was first gained by the publication of his criminal intercourse with a woman, and the birth of an illegitimate child.
As to a more detailed description of St. Lambert's philosophical system, it may suffice to say here that it very much resembles that of Helvetius, Mhom St. Lam- bert slavishly followed. Thus he teaches, in treating of man's nature, and his duties with regard to human nature, that " man, when he first enters upon the stage of life, is simply an organized and sentient mass, and that, whatever feelings or thoughts he may afterwards acquire, still they are simply different manifestations of the sensational facidty, occasioned by the pressure of his various wants and necessities. With regard to eth- ics, he maintains that, as man possesses only sensations, his sole good must be personal enjoyment, his only duty the attainment of it; and that, as we may be mistaken as to what objects are really adapted to promote our pleasure, the safest nde by which we can judge of duty in particular cases is public opinion." lahis Catechisme Universel he divides the whole mass of man's duty into three classes — his duty to himself, to his own family, and to society at large ; while the duties of religion are never mentioned, and the very name of God is alto- gether excluded. Condorcet's fundamental doctrine of ethics — the present perfectibility of mankind, both in- dividually and socially, by means of education — St. Lambert proposed to substitute in place of the sanctions both of morality and religion, as the great regenerating principle of human nature (compare IMorcll, llistori/ of Modern Philosophi/, p. 111). See Puymaigre, Saint- Lambert (1840) ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biofj. Generale. s. v. (J. H.W.)
Lambeth Articles. See Articles, Lambeth.
Lambruschiui, Loiis, an eminent Italian prelate and statesman, was born at Genoa INIay 16, 1776. Hav- ing entered the Order of Baniabites, he became bishop of Sabine, then archbishop of Genoa; was sent to France as papal nuncio during the reign of Charles X, and final- ly created cardinal Sept. 30, 1831. I'ope Gregory XVI appointed him abbot of Santa Maria di Farfa, secretary of state for foreign affairs, librarian of the Church, grand prior of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, grand chan- cellor of the order of St. Gregory, and prefect of the con- gregation of studies. Opposed to all innovations, Lam- bruschiui took an active part in all the religious and political persecutions which marked the pontifical career of Gregory XVI, and became consequently very unpop- ular. In ]«45 he surrendered the direction of inililic in- struction to cardinal Mezzofante. On the death of (ireg- ory XVI in 1846, Lambruschini came very near being elected pope. Piu.^ IX appointed him member of the states council, and restored him to the sccretarj'ship and librarianshi]) of the Vatican. In 1847 he was also made bishop of Porto de San Kufina and of Civita Vecchia, chancellor of the (lontifical orders, and sul)ilean of the sacred college. A\Ticn the revolution broke out in Ita-