(4.) Indeed, the same remark as to primeval origin and validity applies to the whole Decalogue, although this cannot be so clearly proved in a historical argument as with regard to the Sabbath. Yet it has been shown above (§ i, No. 4) that these moral enactments at least were nothing new; indeed, as all must at once admit, tliey lie at the very foundation of civil law and social organization; and it coidd easily be shown that the He- lire ws had substantialh' recognised their force for ages. They were therefore, in fact, but republished on Sinai, under new sanctions, and do not require for their au- thority the support of any special dispensation.
The argument of the apostle Paul, especially in the epistles to the Romans, Galatians, and Hebrews, invari- a'uly is an appeal from the legal bondage of .Judaism — not merely, be it observed, the intolerable ceremonial yoke (Acts xv, 10), but still more emphatically the law of "good works," including, of course, especially the moral code (see Rom. ii, 21, 22 ; vii, 7) — to the ante- jMosaic dispensation, the faith which Abraham had when yet a Gentile (Rom. iv, 10 ; Gal. iii. 17, 18), and the primitive priesthood of Jesus (Heb. vii). Yet this law of faith, so far from ignoring the moral law, is its only elTectual support (comp. John vi, 29) ; and thus the so- lution of this question becomes likewise the reconcilia- tion of the doctrine of St. Paul with that of St. James. See Jajies, Epistle of.
V. Literature. — J. D. Michaelis, Mosaisches Recht (Frkft. 1770-75), translated by Alexander Smith under the title Commentaries on the Iaiics nf Moses (London, 1814) ; J. II. Ilottinger, Juris llebraorum lerjes cclxi, ad Judworum meniem explicates (Tiguri, 1655); Selden, />e Ju7-e naturali et gentium juxta JJebrceorum Disciplinam (Argentorati, 1GG5); Reimarus, I)e kfjibus Mosaicis ante Mosem (Ilamb. 1741) ; D. Hornsyli J)e pj-incipiis Leijum Mosdiranim (Hafniie, 1792); Stiiudhn, Comment at iones J I de Lei/nm Mosaicarum ((Jottingic, 1796) ; Purmann, J)c Jliiitibus et aconomia Le<jum Mosaicarum (Franco- furti, 1789); T. G. Erdmann, Lefjes Mosvi p)r(vstantiores esse lei/ibus I.tjvurgi et Solunis (Viteberga?, 1788) ; Pas- toret, liistoire de la Legislation (Par. 1817), vols, iii et iv; J. Salvador, I/istoii-e des Institutions de Mu'ise et du Peu- plc Ilebreu (Paris, 1828, ." vols.) ; Manson, De le/jislafura Miisaica quantum ad /iijf/ie/ien pertinet (Haag, 1835); A\'clker, Die Letzten Criinde von Itecht, p. 270 sq. ; Stiiud- Yvc\, Geschichte dfr Sittetdehre Jesu, i, 1 11 sq. ; Holberg, Ueschickte der Sittenlehre Jesu,ii,'d'd\. sq. ; DaWette, tiittenlehre, ii, 21 sq. Luther's views are given by C. H. Y. P/ialloblotzky, l)e Lef/is Mosaicee A bror/dtione (Got- tingw, 1824). For other, chletly older, works on the subject in general, see Winer, L'eidirvr-terburh, s. v. Ge- setz; Danz, Wurierbuch, s. v. Moses; Yolbeding, Index
Programmatum, p. 37 ; Darling, Cyclop. Blbliogr. column 237 sq. Among later discussions we may name Duncan, Character and Design of (he Law of Moses (Edinburgh, 1851) ; an art. in the Stud. u. Krii. 1846, i, 43 sq. ; Saal- schiUz, I), mos. Redd m. Beriichsicht. des spat. Jiid. (Berl. 1846) ; Piccard, De legislationis Mosa'icce indole morali (Utr. 1841) ; Klibel, Das alltestam. Geselz und seine Ur- kunde (Stuttg. 1867). See Moses.
Law, Edmund, D.D., a noted English prelate, was born in 1703, near Cartmel, in Lancasliire, and was ed- ucated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; was elected feUow upon graduation, and in 1737 was, by the luiiver- sity, presented with the rectory of Graystock, in Cum- berland. To this living was added in 1743 the arch- deaconry of Carlisle. These positions he held until 1766, when he returned to Cambridge as master of St. Peter's College. Later he was appointed librarian of the uni- versity and professor of casuistrj', was made archdeacon of Stafford, was presented with a prebend in the church of Lincoln, and in 1767 with one of the rich prebends in the church of Durham, and m 1768, finally, ^vas honored with the bisliopric of Carlisle. He died in 1787. While yet a student at Cambridge, Law published two works which show at once the peculiar turn of his own mind, and secured him a place among the best and wisest in- structors of their species. The first of these was his translation of archbishop King's Essay on the Origin of Etil, with copious notes, in which many of the difHcult questions in metaphysical science are considered; the second was his Ineiuiry into the Ideas of Space and Time. In 1743, wliile a resident of Salkcld, on the pleas- ant banks of the Eden, a part of the living of Carlisle, which Lavv was then holding, he began his third work, Considerations on the Theory of Religion, etc. (Camb. 1745, 1749, 1755, 1765, 8vo ; London, 1774, 8vo , 7th ed., CarUsle, 1784, 8vo ; new edit, by bishop George H. Law, of Chester, with Life of bishop Edmund Law by William Palcy, D.D., Lond. 1820, 8vo), and shortly after. Reflec- tions on the Life and Character of Christ (Camb. 1749, 8vo ; often reprinted with the Considerations), " a work of singular beauty, not to be read by any person with- out edification and improvement." In 1777 he pub- lished an edition of the works of Locke, with a life of the author. Of this English philosopher bishop Law was ever an ardent follower and able interpreter. In- deed, "the peculiar character of Dr. Law's mind appears to have been acquired in a great measure by a devoted study of the writings of that philosopher. From him he seems to have derived that value which he set on freedom of inquiry, in relation to theology as well as to every other subject. He took a prominent part in the great controversy respecting subscription, and act- ed accordingly himself. The most striking proof of this is afforded in the later edition of his Considera- tions, which contains many important alterations. From Locke also he seems to have derived his notions of the proper mode of studying the sacred Scriptures in order to come at their true sense. He was. in short, an emi- nent master in that school of rational and liberal divines which flourished in England in the last century, and is adorned by the names of Jortin, Blackburne, Powell, Tyrwhitt, Watson, Paley, and many others." See Eng- lish Cyclopeedia, s. v. ; AJlibone, Diet. ofL'rit. and A mer. Authors, ii, 1065.