La^wrence, Amos, a distinguished American phi- lanthropist, was born at Groton, Mass., in 1786. He spent a great part of his immense fortune in various charities and donations to public institutions. He died in 1852. His Life and Correspondence was published bj^ his son in 1855. — Thomas, Bioy. Diet. p. 1384.
Lavrrence, Sir Henry Montgomery, brother of sir Thomas Lawrence, the "Saviour of India," is noted for his philanthropy and Christian bearing as a sol- dier in the British army in India. He was born in Cey- lon in 1806, and after entering the army quickly rose to distinction. In the campaigns of the Sutlej he served with distinction, and about 1850 was appointed presi- dent of the board of government in the Punjaid;), and in 1857, when the Indian mutiny broke out, chief commis- sioner of Lucknow, and virtually governor of Oude, While in command of the handful of heroic men who defended the women and children in the residency of Lucknow, sir Henry was wounded b}' the explosion of a shell, and died July 4, 1857. He was the founder of the LMicrence Asylum for the reception of the chiU^ien of European soldiers in India. A monument to his mem- ory has been placed in St. Paul's Cathedral. See J. W. Kaye, Lives of Lndian Officers (London, 1867); Fraser^s Mayazine, Dec. 1857; North British licvieiv, May, 1860; Butler, Land of the Veda, p. 319 sq.
Lawrence, St. See Laurentius, St.
Lawrence, St., Regular Canons of, a religious order, said to have been founded by St. Benedict in the 6th century. Its seat was in Dauphine. It was re- formed in the 1 1th century, under the patronage of Ode, count of Savoy. The bishop of Turin in 1065 conferred many gifts upon it, and several popes enriched it with benefactions. — Eadie, L'ccles. Diet. s. v.
Lav/reuson, Laurence, a Methodist Episcopal minister, was born in 1779; entered the Philadeliihia Conference in 1810, and died April 4, 1829. He pos- sessed a strong and generous mind, and deep piety. He was an excellent presiding elder, and preached with dis- tinguished success the word of life. — Minutes of Confer- ences, ii, 3.S.
Lawyer (i'djukoc, relatiny to the lair, as in Tit. iii, 9), " in its general sense, denotes one skilled in the law, as in Tit. iii, 13. When, therefore, one is called a law- yer, this IS understood with reference to the laws of the land in which he lived, or to which he belonged. Hence among the Jews a lawyer was one versed in the laws of Jloses, which he taught in the schools and synagogues (Matt, xxviii, 35 ; Luke x, 25). The same person who is called ' a lawyer' in these texts i*' in the parallel jiassage (Mark xii, 28) called ' a scribe' (yjia/i/zora'c), whence it has been inferred that the functions of the lawyers and the scribes were identical. The individual may have been both a lawyer and a scribe, but it does not thence follow that all lawyers were scribes. Some suppose, however, that the 'scribes' were the public expounders of the law, while the ' lawyers' were the private ex- pounders and teachers of it. But this is a mere conjee-
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ture, and nothing; more is really kiio^\ni than that the ' lawviTs' were expouiulers of the law, whether publicly or privately, or both" (Kitto). Hence the term is equiv- alent to '"teacher of the law" (voj^ioCicaffKciXog, Acts v, 34). '■ By the use of the word vojxiko^ (in Tit. iii, 9) as a simple adjective, it seems more probable that the title ' scribe' was a legal and official designation, but that the name vojiikoq was properly a mere epithet signifying one ' learned in the law' (somewhat like the o'l t/c vofiov in Ilom. iv, 14), and only used as a title in common par- lance (comp. the use of it in Tit. iii, 13, ' Zenas the law- yer'). Tliis would accomit for the comparative unfre- ciuency of the word, and the fact that it is always used in connection with ' Pharisees,' never, as the word ' scribe' so often is, in connection with ' chief priests' and 'eld- ers' " (Smith). See Lilienthal, De vofxiKoiQ juris utri- usqiie apml Ilebrceos (Hal. 1740J. Comp. Scklbe.
Lawyers. In the Roman and Spanish churches, pleaders before the courts were not eligible to the cler- ical office. The rule, however, was not universal, for the Council of Sardica enacted that a lawyer might be or- dained a bishop if he passed through the inferior grades of reader, deacon, and presbyter. On the other hand, clergymen -were not allowed to act as law3'ers, or to plead either their own cause or even an ecclesiastical one. Bribery and extortion were forbidden to la'svyers under severe penalties. — Eadie, Eccles. Diet. s. v.
Lay, Benjamin, an eccentric philanthropist, was born at Colchester, in England, in 1G81, and settled in Barbadoes in 1710, but became obnoxious to the people by his abiihtion principles, came to the United States, and settled at Abington, Pa. He was one of the earli- est and most zealous opponents of slaver}-^ in the United States, and the coadjutor of Franklin and Benezet. He •was originally a member of the Society of Friends, but so decidedly opposed was he to the practice of slavehold- ing then prevalent among them (e. g. he resolutely re- fused to partake of any food or wear any clothing which was wholly or in part produced by the labor of slaves) that he was obhged to leave the society in 1717. Be- fore his death (in 1760), however, he had the pleasure of seeing his society take a decided stand against this abominable institution. His opposition to slavery was noticeable on every public occasion where he had any opportunity to manifest his disapprobation. He always expressed himself in strong terms, and sometimes re- sorted to methods for enforcing his arguments that evinced great eccentricity. Says Janney (iii, 246) : " He came into the yearly meeting with a bladder fUled with blood in one hand and a sword in the other. He ran the sword through the bladder, and sprinkled the blood on several Friends, declaring that so the sword would be sheathed in the bowels of the nation if they did not leave otF oppressing the negroes." In 1737 he wrote a treatise entitled All. Slare-keepers that kwp the Innocent in Bondii;ie Apostates, which was published by Frank- lin. See Janney, Hist, of the Friends, iii, 245. (J. H.W.)