The American missionaries have established several schools among the people of Lebanon, and for some years past pleasing success has attended their efforts in the mountain, winch, however, were almost wholly in- terrupted by the violent outbreak among the Druses in 18G0, ending in a wholesale massacre of the Christians. On the suppression of this, a Maronite governor was appointed over the district by the Turkish government, under the protectorate of the live great European powers, V. Literature. — Robinson, Biblical Researches, iii, 344, 345, 439 ; Kitto, Pictorial Jlistori/ of Palestine, Introd. p. xxxii-xxxv, Iv ; Reland, Palcestina, i, 311; Rosen- miiUer, Biblisch. Alterthuni. ii, 236 ; Raumer, Palastina, p. 29-35 ; D'ArvieiLX, Memoii-es, ii, 250 ; Vohiey, Voi/cif/e en Syrie, i, 243 ; Seetzen, in Zach's Monatl. Correspond. June, 1806 ; Burckhardt, Travels in Syr. p. 1 sq. ; Rich- ter, Wallfahrtcn, j). 102, etc.; Irby and Mangles, Travels, p. 20G-220 ; Buckingham, .1 rab Tribes, p. 468 sq. ; Fi_sk, in j\Iissionary Herald, 1824 ; EUiot, Travels, ii, 27G ; Hogg, Visit to Alexandria, Jerusalem, etc., i, 219 sq. , ii. 81 sq.; Addison, Palmyra and Ba7nascus, ii, 43-82 ; Rit- ter's Erdkunde, xvii, div. 1 ; Robinson's Researches, new edit., iii, 584-625 ; Bibliotheca Sacra, 1843, p. 205-253 ; 1848, p. 1-23, 243-262, 447-480, 663-700 ; Schwarz, Pal- est, p. 55; Kelly's Syria and Holy Land, p. 76-165; Por- ter, Damascus (Lond. 1855) ; Thomson, Land and Book, vol. i ; Van de Velde, Travels, etc., vol. i ; Churchill, Leb- anon (Loiulon, 1853,1862); also Druses and Maronites (Lond. 18G2; ; Tristram, LAind of Israel (London, 1865) ; Palmer, in the Quarterly Statement of the " Palestine Exploration Fund," April, 1871, p. 107 sq. See Pales- tin k.
Leb'aoth (Heb. Lebaoth', riiX3P, lionesses; Sept. Art/3aw^), a city in the southern part of Judah, i. e. Simeon (.Josh. xv. 32) ; elsewliere more fully Betii-le- I5AOTH (Josh, xix, 6) ; also Bpith-birei (1 Chron. iv, 31). The associated names in all these passages sug- gest a location in the wild south-western part of the tribe, possibly at the ruined site marked on Van de Velde's Map as Sbeta, on wady Simiyeh, not very far from Elusa, towards Gaza.
LEBB^US
315
LEBRTJA
Lebbse'us (Af/S/Saloc), a surname of Judas or Jude (Matt. X, 3), one of the twelve apostles ; a member, to- gether with his namesake " Iscariot," James the son of Alphicus, and Simon Zelotes, of the last of the three sec- tions of the apostolic body. The name Judas only, without any distinguishing mark, occurs in the lists given in Luke vi, 16 ; Acts i, 13 ; and in John xiv, '22 (where we tind " Judas not Iscariot" among the apos- tles), but the apostle has been generally identified with "Lebbiiius whose surname wasThaddajus" (Af/3/3a7oc o iTTi/cXj/jf (t; Ba^onlof) (Matt, x, 3 ; Mark iii, 18), though Schleiermacher (Critical Essay on St. Luke, p. 93) treats with scorn any such attempt to reconcile the lists. In botli tlie last quoted places there is considerable variety of reading, some MSS. having both in Matt, and Mark AtjiftcnoQ or fdaoSaloQ alone, others introducing the name 'louCaQ, or Judas Zelotes, in Matt., where the Vul- gate reads Thadckeus alone, which is adopted by Lach- mann in his Berlin edition of 1832. This confusion is still I'urther increased by the tradition preserved by Eu- sebius ( //. K. i, 13) that the true name of Thomas (the twin) was Judas (lovcaQ 6 Kcd GwyuacOj ^ii'l that Thad- dreus was one of the " seventy," identified by Jerome in Mutt. X with " Judas Jacobi," as well as by the theories of modern scholars, who regard the "Levi"(Ae?;(c 6 -ov 'AXfaiov) of iMark ii, 1-4 : Luke v, 27, who is called "Le- bes" (Af/,//)(j) by Origen {Cont. Cels. 1. i, § 62), as the same with Lebboeus. The safest way out of these ac- knowledged difficulties is to hold fast to the ordinarily received oi)inion that Jude, Lcl:)b;i?us, and Thadda;us were three names for the same apostle, who is therefore said by Jerome (/« Matt, x) to have been " trionimus," rather than introduce confusion into the apostolic cata- logues, and render them erroneous either in excess or de- fect. See THADD.12US.
The interpretation of the names Lebbseus and Thad- doeus is a question beset with almost equal difficulty. The former is interpreted by Jerome " hearty," corcu- lum, as from ;ib, coi; and Thadda^us has been erroneous- ly supposed to have a cognate signification, homo pecto- rosus, as from the Syriac 'IP), jjectus (Lightfoot, IIor(B Ihh. p. 235; Bengel, Matt, x, 3), the true signification of TO being mamma (Angl. teat) (Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. p. 2505 ). Winer [Realwurterh. s. v.) would combine the two, and interpret them as meaning Herzenshind. An- other interpretation of Lebbreus is the young lion (leuii- adiis), as from N'^nb, leo (Schleusner, s. v.), while Light- foot and Baumg.-Crusius woidd derive it from Lehba, a maritime town of Galilee mentioned by Pliny (Ilisi. Nat. v, 19). where, however, the ordinary reading is Jebba. Thadda'us appears in Syriac under the form Adai ; hence IMichaelis admits the idea that Adai, Thaddteus, and Ju- das may be different representations of the same word (iv, 37(1), and Wordsworth (Gr. Test, in j\Iatt. x, 3) iden- tifies Thaddicus with Judas, as both from ri"nn, " to praise." Chrs'sostoni (De Prod. Jud. 1. i, c. ii) sa3's that there was a "Judas Zelotes" among the disciples of our Lord, whom he identifies with the apostle. — Smith. See Jude.