Libri Carolini. See Caroline Books.
Lib'ya (At/3i'a or AijSin]), a name which, in its largest acceptation, was used by the (ireeks to denote the whole of Africa (Strabo, ii, 131); but Lihi/a Proper, whicli is the Libya of the New Testament (Acts ii, 10), and the country of the Liibiia in the Old, was a large tract lying along the Mediterranean, to the west of Egypt (Strabo, xvii, 824). It is called PentapoUtana Reyio by Pliny (Uist.Nat.x, 5), from itd five cities, Ber-
enice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and Cyrene; and Libijd Cyrenuica by Ptolemy {Geog. iv, 5), from Cy- rene, its capital. See Smith's Diet, of Class. Georjr. s. v. The name of Libya occurs in Acts ii, 10, where " the dwellers in the parts of Libya about Cyrene" are men- tioned among the stranger Jews who came up to Jeru- salem at the feast of Pentecost. This obviously means the Cyrenaica. Similar expressions are used by Dion Cassius (A(/3i'/r/ r) TTfpi Ki'p)jv>;i', liii, 12) and Josephus (j/ Trpoc Ki'p/;vr/v Atfivt], Ant. xvi, 6, 1). See Cvrenk. In the Old Test, it is the rendering sometimes adopted of 13^3 (Jer. xlvi, 9; Ezek. xxx, 5; xxxviii, 5), else- where rendered Phut (Gen. x, 6 -, Ezek. xxvii, 10).
Libya is supposed to have been first peopled by. and to have derived its name from, the Lehabim or Lubini (Gen. X, 13 ; Nah. iii, 9 ; see Gesenius, Moniim. P/ian. p. 211 ; comp. Michaelis, Spieil. i, 262 sq. ; Yater, Comment. i, 132), These, its earliest inhabitants, appear, in the time of the Old Testament, to have consisted of wan- dering tribes, who were sometimes in alliance with Egypt (compare Herod, iv, 159), and at others with the Ethiopians, as they are said to have assisted both Shi- shak, king of Egypt, and Zerah the Ethiopian in their expeditions against Juda-a (2 Chron. xii, 4; xiv, 8; xvi, 9). In the time of Cambj'ses they appear to have formed part of the Persian empire (Herod, iii, 13), and Libyans formed part of the immense army of Xerxes (Herod, vii, 71, 86). They are mentioned by Daniel (xi, 43) in connection with the Ethiopians and Cushites. " They were eventually subdued by the Carthaginians : and it was the policy of that people to bring the nomade tribes of Northern Africa which they mastered into the condition of cidtivators, that by the produce of their in- dustry they might be able to raise and maintain the numerous armies with which they made their foreign conquests. But Herodotus assures us that none of the Libyans bej'ond the Carthaginian territory were tillers of the ground (Herod, iv, 186, 187 ; compare Polybius, i, 161, 1G7, 168, 177, ed. Schweighaeuser). Since the tmie of the Carthaginian supremacy, the country, with the rest of the East, has successively passed into the hands of the Greeks, Romans, Saracens, and Turks" (Kitto). See Africa.
Lib 'y an (only in the plur.), the rendering adopted in the A.V. of two Heb. names, C^Sp (Liibbim', Sept. Aijiveg), Dan. xi, 43 (elsewhere M-ritten C^l?, "Lnbim,'" 2 Chron. xii, 3; xvi, 8; Nah. iii, 9; prob. i. q. t"i2il3, "LebaMjnr Gen. x, 13; 1 Chron. i, 11) and "JilQ (Put, Jer. xlvi, 9; Sept. AijSvsc; elsewhere rendered "Lib- ya," Ezek. xxx, 5 ; xxxviii, 5; "Phut," or "Put"). See Libya.
Lice ("jS, ken, perh. from '33, to nip ; onh' once in the sing, used collectively, Isa. Ii, 6, and there doubtful, where the Sept.,Yulg., and Engl. Vers, confound with "3, so, and render raura, liwc, " m like manner ;" elsewhere plural, n-ip, Exod. viii, 16, 17, 18 ; Psa. cv, 31 ; Sept. <jKvl<pic,\&r. 17 OKvlxp, v. r. (TKvTiveg ; YiUg. sciniphes, in Psa. cinifes; also the cognate sing, collective Ci3, hin- nam, Exod. viii, 17, 18, Sept. and Yulg. cr/crT^fc, scini- 2)hes), the name of the creature employed in the third plague upon Egypt, miraculously produced from the dust of the land. Its exact nature has been much disputed. Dr. A. Clarke has inferred, from the words " in man and in beast," that it was the acai-us sanfftiisuqus, or " tick" {Comment, on Exod. viii, IG). jMichaelis remarks (Suppl. ad Lex. 1174) that if it be a Hebrew word for lice it is strange that it should have disappeared from the cog- nate tongues, the Aramaic, Samaritan, and Ethiopic. The rendering of the Sept. seems highly valuable when it is considered that it was given by learned Jews resi- dent in Egypt, that it occurs in the most ancient and best executed portion of that version, and that it can be elucidated by the writings of ancient Greek naturalists, etc. Thus Aristotle, who was nearly contemporary with
LICE
422
LICE