Tliere are various kinds of lies. 1. The pernicious lie. uttered for the hurt or disadvantage of our neighbor. 2. Tlie olUcious lie, uttered for our own or our neigh- bor's advantage. 3. Tlie ludicrous and jocose lie, utter- ed by way of jest, and only for mirth's sake in common converse. 4. Pious frauds, as they are impro]MTly call- ed, pretended inspirations, forged books, comiterfeit mir- iicles, are species of lies. 5. Lies of the conduct, for a lie may be told in gestures as well as in words; as when a tradesman shuts uji his windows to induce his creditors to believe that he is abroad. G. Lies of omis- sion, .as when an autlior wilfully omits what ought to be related ; and may we not a<lil, 7. Tliat all eciuivoeation and mental reservation come under the guilt of lying'?
The evil and injustice of lying appear, 1. From its being a breach of the natural and universal right of mankind to trutli in the intercourse of speech. 2. From its being a violation of God's sacred law (Phil, iv, 8 ; Lev. xix, 11 ; Col. iii, 9). 3. The faculty of speech was bestowed as an instrument of knowledge, not of deceit ; to communicate our thoughts, not to hide them. 4. It is esteemed a reproach of so heinous and hateful a na- ture for a man to be called a liar that sometimes the life and blood of the slanderer have paid for it. 5. It has a tendency to dissolve all societ}', and to indispose the mind to religious impressions. (>. The punishment of it is very severe ; the loss of credit, the hatred of those whom we have deceived, and an eternal separation from God iu the world to come (Rev. xxi, 8; xxii, 15; Psa. ci, 7). See Grove's Moi-al Philos. vol. i, ch. xi ; Paley's Moral Pliilvs. vol. i, ch. xv ; Doddridge's Led. lect. G8 ; Watts's Sermons, vol. i, serm. 22 ; Evans's Serm. vol. ii, serm. 13; South's Serm. voL i, serm. 12; Dr. Lamoiit's Serm. vol. i, serm. 11 and 12. — Buck, Theolog. Diet. s. v. See Tkutii.
Liebknecht, Johann Georg, a German theolo- gian, was born at Wasungen April 23, 1679. In 1G99 he entered the University of Jena. Besides pursuing the common coiu-se, he was led by Dr. Danz into a thor- ough study of the Talmud and Kabbinical literature. He also gave especial attention to the science of mathe- matics. On the latter he gave lectures after he was graduated A.M. iu 1703. These were highly approved by many scholars, e. g. by the philosopher Leiljnitz, with whom he corresponded. His devotion to mathe- matics, however, did not cause him to neglect his theo- logical studies, for lie afterwards lectured -with success on exegesis of the Old and New Testaments. In 1706 he was called as professor of mathematics to the Uni- versity of Halle, but was obliged to decline this, as well as the call of tutor to two princes, in 1707, because his health failed him. In the same year, however, he ac- cepted a call as professor of mathematics to the Univer- sity of Giessen. In 1715 he became a member of the Imperial Leopold Society, and in 171G of tlie Loyal Prussian Society of Sciences. In 1719 he became doc- tor of divinity, in 1721 professor extraordinary of theol- ogy, and in 1725 was advanced to the ordinarj' or full professorship ; and was also made assessor of the consis- tory and superintendent at (iiessen. He died Sept. 17, 1749. Although many of his numerous productions are in the department of mathematics, yet his dissertations on exegesis. Church history, and dogmatical theology prove him to have been a profound, acute, and investi- gating theologian. Besides his contributions to the A c- ta Eruditorum, we mention Proejr. penttcostede, effusoR Spiritus S. cariiaiis immemoi'em hceretificem, etc. (Gissae, 1717, 4to) : — Diss. hist, theol. de ei-anr/tlicm veritcitis ante reformationem in Ilassia confessionibits (ibid. 1727, 4to): — Von dem Tode ti. (lessen eingehildete Bitterkeit (ibid. 1733, 8vo) : — Diss, theol. de Deo et attrihutis dirinis, in qua Art. I Av(j. Conf. etc. (ibid. 173G, 4to) : — Adscensio Christi ante adscemionem in valos nulla, Diss. theoL qua Socinianorum commenta, etc. (ibid. 1737, 4to). — Dciring, Gelehrte Theol. ] )eutschlands, vol. ii, s. v.
Lieutenant (only in the plur. D'^JQ'n^'u.'nN, ach- ashdarpenini',iu>m the Sanscrit A«//?-o/)ff, whence the Greek ilarpdirtiQ, and finally aaTpcnrijc, a satrap, see Guttinr). Gel. Anz. 1839, p. 805 ; Lassen, Zeitsclir. J'ur d. Morgenl. iii, 161 ; Bockh, Corpus Inscr. No. 2G9], c) oc- curs in Esth. iii, 12; viii, 9; ix, 3; Ezra viii, 38; so in the Cliald. form (rendered "princes," Dan. iii, 2, 3, 27; vi, 1-7) a satrap, i. e. governor or viceroy of the large l)rovinces among tlie ancient Persians, possessing both civil and military power, and being iu the provinces the representatives of the sovereign, whose state and splen- dor they also rivalled (see Brisson, De reijio Pers.prin- cijiatu, i, § 1C8 ; Hceren, Ideen, i, 489 scj.). See Satkap.
Life (properly "^H, usually in the plur. with a suig. meaning, D"''|'n ; Gr. ^w//), generally of physical life and
LIFT
425
LIGHT